Introduction
Methods
Population
Echocardiography
Off-line analyses
Standard 2-D and Doppler echocardiography
Tissue velocity echocardiography
Statistical analyses
Results
Age, years | 29 ± 7 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender (M/F) | 28/9 | ||
Height, cm | 175 ± 8 | ||
Weight, kg | 76 ± 14 | ||
Heart rate, bpm | 66 ± 12 | ||
P-Q time, ms | 166 ± 16 | ||
LA diameter, mm/m2
| 18.9 ± 1.5 | ||
Septal wall thickness, mm | 9.6 ± 1.1 | ||
Posterior wall thickness, mm | 9.5 ± 1.2 | ||
LV end diastolic diameter, mm/m2
| 26.5 ± 2.3 | ||
LV fractional shortening, % | 35 ± 6 | ||
LV ejection fraction, % | 72 ± 8 | ||
E-wave, cm | 90 ± 17 | ||
A-wave, cm | 56 ± 12 | ||
E/A ratio | 1.68 ± 0.45 | ||
LA long axis, mm/m2
| 26 ± 2 | RA long axis, mm/m2
| 25 ± 3 |
LA short axis, mm/m2
| 21 ± 3 | RA short axis, mm/m2
| 22 ± 2 |
LA maximal volume, ml/m2
| 29 ± 5 | RA maximal volume, ml/m2
| 31 ± 7 |
LA minimal volume, ml/m2
| 15 ± 3 | RA minimal volume, ml/m2
| 17 ± 4 |
LA P-wave volume, ml/m2
| 18 ± 4 | RA P-wave volume, ml/m2
| 19 ± 5 |
LA ejection fraction, % | 49 ± 9 | RA ejection fraction, % | 46 ± 10 |
LA active emptying, % | 17 ± 7 | RA active emptying, % | 15 ± 9 |
Variable | Ventricular walls | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RV | Post-sep | Lateral | Inferior | Anterior | Posterior | |
PSV, cm/s
| 10.5 ± 1.3 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 7.6 ± 1.3 |
E'-wave, cm/s
| 10.2 ± 2.3 | 9.9 ± 1.1 | 12.2 ± 1.5 | 10.6 ± 2.1 | 10.1 ± 2.1 | 12.4 ± 1.9 |
A'-wave, cm/s
| 8.4 ± 2.8 | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 6.3 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 6.1 ± 2.1 |
E'/A' ratio
| 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.1 |
A'-V' disp., mm
| 21.5 ± 3.5 | 13.6 ± 1.5 | 13.7 ± 2.0 | 15.3 ± 1.6 | 13.7 ± 1.9 | 15.4 ± 1.8 |
Atrial disp., mm
| 5.8 ± 2.2 | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.1 |
Atrial cont., %
| 27 ± 8 | 30 ± 9 | 19 ± 7 | 25 ± 9 | 22 ± 8 | 20 ± 6 |
Variables |
Level
| RA | IAS | LA-Lat | LA-Inf | LA-Ant | LA-Post |
P*
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P-Aa' start
|
Low
| 51 ± 11 | 59 ± 9 | 69 ± 11 | 62 ± 10 | 70 ± 10 | 62 ± 11 | < 0.001 |
(ms)
|
Mid
| 38 ± 9 | 47 ± 8 | 57 ± 9 | 51 ± 11 | 59 ± 10 | 52 ± 11 | < 0.001 |
P
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
P-Aa' peak
|
Low
| 117 ± 22 | 108 ± 14 | 119 ± 14 | 108 ± 12 | 123 ± 14 | 107 ± 11 | <0.001 |
(ms)
|
Mid
| 110 ± 20 | 104 ± 15 | 115 ± 15 | 98 ± 17 | 123 ± 16 | 99 ± 17 | < 0.01 |
P
| 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.1 | < 0.001 | 0.9 | < 0.001 | ||
Aa'-dur.
|
Low
| 135 ± 16 | 120 ± 16 | 106 ± 10 | 118 ± 13 | 113 ± 12 | 112 ± 12 | < 0.001 |
(ms)
|
Mid
| 145 ± 19 | 127 ± 16 | 117 ± 10 | 115 ± 12 | 121 ± 16 | 115 ± 12 | < 0.01 |
P
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.1 | < 0.001 | 0.07 | ||
TEMA
|
Low
| 186 ± 17 | 179 ± 18 | 175 ± 15 | 179 ± 15 | 183 ± 14 | 174 ± 12 | 0.07 |
(ms)
|
Mid
| 183 ± 21 | 174 ± 16 | 173 ± 15 | 175 ± 15 | 180 ± 19 | 167 ± 17 | 0.2 |
P
| 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.06 |
Variables |
Level
| RA | IAS | LA-Lat | LA-Inf | LA-Ant | LA-Post |
P*
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aa' peak vel.
|
Low
| 8.1 ± 2.7 | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 6.9 ± 1.8 | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 6.8 ± 1.8 | NS |
(cm/s)
|
Mid
| 6.9 ± 2.4 | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 1.8 | 5.4 ± 1.7 | NS |
P
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | ||
Aa' disp.
|
Low
| 6.7 ± 2.3 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | NS |
(mm)
|
Mid
| 5.8 ± 2.5 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | NS |
P
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
Aa' cont.
|
Low
| 31 ± 10 | 33 ± 8 | 29 ± 10 | 28 ± 7 | 31 ± 12 | 26 ± 6 | NS |
(%)
|
Mid
| 27 ± 11 | 24 ± 7 | 25 ± 9 | 19 ± 6 | 23 ± 11 | 19 ± 5 | NS |
P
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.02 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
Aa' SR (s-
1
)
| -4.9 ± 0.8 | -2.7 ± 0.7 | -3.7 ± 0.9 | -3.2 ± 0.8 | -3.3 ± 1.0 | -3.7 ± 1.0 | 0.001 | |
Aa' S (%)
| 29 ± 7 | 14 ± 5 | 15 ± 4 | 16 ± 5 | 15 ± 6 | 16 ± 4 | NS |
LA-Aa' peak vel. | LA-Aa' disp. | LA-Aa' cont. | LA-Aa' SR | LA-Aa' S | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA-Diameter
| 0.33 | 0.57* | 0.43 | 0.2 | 0.21 |
LA-Long axis
| 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.02 | -0.21 | -0.08 |
LA-Short axis
| -0.2 | 0.02 | -0.08 | -0.16 | -0.07 |
LA-Area
| -0.12 | 0.01 | -0.13 | -0.12 | 0.12 |
LA-P-wave volume
| -0.15 | 0.02 | -0.08 | -0.14 | -0.04 |
LA-Maximal volume
| 0.07 | 0.05 | -0.1 | -0.03 | -0.21 |
LA-Minimal volume
| 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.13 | -0.13 | -0.21 |
LA-Ejection fraction
| -0.27 | -0.23 | -0.31 | -0.03 | 0.19 |
LA-Active emptying
| -0.35 | -0.22 | -0.31 | -0.03 | 0.19 |
RA-Aa' peak vel. | RA-Aa' disp. | RA-Aa' cont. | RA-Aa' SR | RA-Aa' S | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA-Long axis
| 0.35 | 0.58* | 0.53 | 0.26 | -0.07 |
RA-Short axis
| 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.20 | -0.00 | -0,14 |
RA-Area
| 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.20 | -0.00 | -0.14 |
RA-P-wave volume
| 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.08 | -0.15 |
RA-Maximal volume
| -0.06 | 0.16 | 0.12 | -0.04 | -0.26 |
RA-Minimal volume
| 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.14 | -0.18 |
RA-Ejection fraction
| -0.33 | -0.24 | -0.35 | -0.41* | -0.09 |
RA-Active emptying
| 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.12 | -0.08 | -0.08 |
Inter-observer | Intra-observer | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable
|
BSI
|
CV (%)
|
BSI
|
CV (%)
|
P-Aa' start, ms
| 37 | 24 | 28 | 19 |
P-Aa' peak, ms
| 51 | 16 | 47 | 14 |
Aa' duration, ms
| 32 | 8.8 | 25 | 7.5 |
TEMA, ms
| 53 | 9.7 | 45 | 8.2 |
Aa' peak velocity, cm/s
| 2.14 | 10.1 | 1.78 | 8.7 |
Aa' displacement, mm
| 1.81 | 12.3 | 1.77 | 11.8 |
Aa' SR
| -0.79 | 9.4 | -0.71 | 7.8 |
Aa' S, %
| 5.4 | 9.6 | 4.5 | 9.1 |
LA maximal volume, mL
| 22 | 18.4 | 18 | 14.7 |