Background
Study sites
Northeastern Brazil
1. Riacho Doce
2. Porto do Sauípe, Entre Rios
Southeastern Brazil
3. Paraty, Rio de Janeiro State
4. Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State
5. Bertioga, São Paulo State
Methods
1) Sampling of snapper stomachs and gonads
2) Field trips
Season/Month | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Species | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | Total | |||||||
AP | MY | JU | JL | AU | SE | OC | NO | DE | JA | ||||
Bertioga
|
L. analis
|
2
| 1 |
3
| |||||||||
L. jocu
|
1
|
2
| 3 |
6
|
44
| ||||||||
L. synagris
|
4
| 15 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
29
| |||||||
R. aurorubens
| 6 |
6
| |||||||||||
Maceio
1
|
L. buccanella
| 5 |
5
| ||||||||||
L. synagris
| 15 |
15
|
28
| ||||||||||
L. vivanus
| 8 |
8
| |||||||||||
Paraty
|
L. analis
| 5 | 4 |
9
| |||||||||
L. jocu
| 1 |
1
|
44
| ||||||||||
L. synagris
| 3 | 31 |
34
| ||||||||||
Porto Sauípe
|
E. oculatus
| 2 |
2
| ||||||||||
L. analis
| 1 |
1
| |||||||||||
L. alexandrei
| 7 |
7
| |||||||||||
L. buccanella
| 5 | 2 |
7
| ||||||||||
L. jocu
| 1 |
1
|
137
| ||||||||||
L. synagris
| 7 | 1 |
8
| ||||||||||
L. vivanus
| 14 | 15 |
29
| ||||||||||
O. chrysurus
| 57 | 9 |
66
| ||||||||||
R. aurorubens
| 4 | 12 |
16
| ||||||||||
Copacabana
|
L. analis
|
8
|
9
| 3 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
32
| ||||
L. cyanopterus
|
1
|
1
|
35
| ||||||||||
L. synagris
| 2 |
2
| |||||||||||
Sub-total Total
|
9
|
18
|
27
|
105
|
11
|
6
|
44
|
36
|
4
|
28
| |||
27
|
143
|
86
|
32
|
288
|
3) Interviews
4) Identification of the fish and stomach contents
5) Weight-length relationships
Results
Snapper species caught by fishermen
Period | L. analis, Copacabana | L. synagris, Bertioga | L. synagris, Maceió | L. vivanus, P. Sauipe | O. chrysurus, P. Sauipe | R. aurorubensP. Sauipe | L. synagris, Paraty | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April
| 8 |
8
| ||||||
May
| 9 | 4 |
13
| |||||
June
| 3 | 15 |
18
| |||||
July
| 5 | 14 | 57 | 4 |
80
| |||
August
| 3 | 3 |
6
| |||||
September
| 1 | 5 |
6
| |||||
October
| 4 | 15 | 9 | 12 |
40
| |||
November
| 31 |
31
| ||||||
December
| 2 | 2 |
4
| |||||
January
| 15 |
15
| ||||||
Autumn
| 17 | 4 |
21
| |||||
Winter
| 8 | 18 | 14 | 57 | 4 | 3 |
104
| |
Spring
| 5 | 5 | 15 | 9 | 12 | 31 |
77
| |
Summer
| 2 | 2 | 15 |
19
|
Lutjanus synagris(Linnaeus, 1758)
Ocyurus chrysurus(Bloch, 1791)
Lutjanus analis(Cuvier, 1828)
Lutjanus vivanus(Cuvier, 1828)
Romboplites aurorubens(Cuvier, 1829)
Weight-length relationships of snapper
Reproduction: gonad analysis of snappers obtained from fish landings
Period | L. analisCopacabana | L. synagrisBertioga | L. synagrisMaceio | L. vivanusP. Sauipe | O. chrysurusP. Sauipe | R. aurorubensP. Sauipe | L. synagris, Paraty | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April
|
12.50*
|
12.50
| ||||||
0
|
0
| |||||||
May
|
0.00
|
50.00
|
15.38
| |||||
11.1
|
0
|
7,7
| ||||||
June
|
0.00
|
13.33
|
11.11
| |||||
0
|
0
|
0
| ||||||
July
|
0.00
|
28.57
|
1.75
|
0.00
|
6.25
| |||
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
| ||||
August
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
| |||||
0
|
0
|
0
| ||||||
September
|
0.00
|
20.00
|
16.67
| |||||
0
|
0
|
0
| ||||||
October
|
0.00
|
73.33
|
66.67
|
8.33
|
45.00
| |||
0
|
6.7
|
22.2
|
41.7
|
20.0
| ||||
November
|
38,70
|
38,70
| ||||||
38.7**
|
38.7
| |||||||
December
|
0.00
|
100.00
|
50.00
| |||||
0
|
0
|
0
| ||||||
January
|
73.33
|
73.33
| ||||||
26.7
|
26.7
| |||||||
Autumn
|
5.88
|
50.00
|
14.29
| |||||
5.88
|
0
|
4,8
| ||||||
Winter
|
0.00
|
11.11
|
28.57
|
1.75
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
6.73
| |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0
| ||
Spring
|
0.00
|
20.00
|
73.33
|
66.67
|
8.33
|
38,70
|
40.26
7
| |
0
|
0
|
6.7
|
22.2
|
41.7
|
38.7
|
26.0
| ||
Summer
|
0.000
|
100.00
|
73.33
|
68.42
| ||||
0
|
0
|
26.7
|
21.1
|
Diet of snappers: stomach content analysis
L. analis, Copacabana | L. synagris, Bertioga | L. synagris, Maceió | L. vivanus, P. Sauipe | O. chrysurus, P. Sauipe | R. aurorubens, P. Sauipe | L. synagris, Paraty | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FISH
| ||||||||
Sardine (Clupeidae) | 2 | 1 |
3
| |||||
cutlassfish (Trichiurus lepturus) | 1 |
1
| ||||||
another fish (Haemulon, Scorpaena, Eucinostomus, Diapterus volitans, Muraena sp., Batrachoididae)1 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 11 | 5 |
47
|
CRUSTACEAN
2
| ||||||||
shrimp (camarão) | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
17
| ||
crab (caranguejo) | 2 | 4 |
6
| |||||
crab siri (siri) | 5 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1 |
19
| ||
tamburutaca | 2 |
2
| ||||||
spanish slipper lobster (lagosta sapateira) | 1 |
1
| ||||||
crayfish (lagostim) | 1 |
1
| ||||||
another crustacean, rests | 1 | 2 | 4 |
7
| ||||
MOLLUSCS
| ||||||||
squid (lula) | 1 | 1 |
2
| |||||
mussel (mexilhão) | 1 |
1
| ||||||
shell of mussel (concha mexilhão) | 1 |
1
| ||||||
octopus (polvo) | 1 |
1
| ||||||
Rest of food
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 8 |
46
|
Empty
| 18 | 8 | 2 | 13 | 37 | 1 | 16 |
95
|
Total samples
|
32
|
29
|
15
|
29
|
66
|
16
|
34
|
221
|
Local knowledge: what do fishermen know about snappers?
Fishers and Questions | Bertioga
a
SE Brazil N = 15 | Copacabana
b
SE Brazil N = 13 | Paraty SE Brazil (Praia Grande and Ilha do Araújo) N = 15 | Porto Sauípe NE Brazil N = 14 | Riacho Doce
c
, Maceió NE Brazil N = 13 | Total N = 70 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fishers interviewed:
| Range | |||||
Average Age
|
50
|
49
|
46
|
60
|
40
|
40-60
|
Minimum Age | 24 | 25 | 28 | 38 | 27 |
24-38
|
Maximum Age | 80 | 74 | 63 | 73 | 61 |
61-80
|
Average Time fishing
|
32
|
28
|
35
|
48
|
22
|
22-48
|
Minimum Time fishing | 10 | 12 | 24 | 29 | 11 |
10-29
|
Maximum Time fishing | 50 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 50 |
50-65
|
Average Local Residence Time
|
27
|
35
|
45
|
59
|
40
|
27-59
|
Minimum Local Residence Time | 13 | 10 | 28 | 38 | 27 |
10-38
|
Maximum Local Residence Time | 66 | 62 | 63 | 73 | 61 |
61-73
|
What do snappers eat?
| ||||||
Fish
| 5 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 7 |
27
|
Sardines (Clupeidae) | 2 | 3 | 9 | 5 | 8 |
27
|
Manjuba (Engraulidae) | 1 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
10
| |
Other fish | Paraty:1 | Mackerel: 1 Agullha: 1 | Carapau: 4 Mackerel:1 Saramunete: 1 |
9
| ||
Caranguejo/siri (Crabs) (caranguejo/siri) | 1/ | 5/1 | /1 |
6/2
| ||
Shrimp
| 6 | 8 | 14 | 5 | 2 |
35
|
Lobster | 1 |
1
| ||||
Other crustacea | 1 | 2 |
3
| |||
Marisco (mussels) | 3 | 4 | 4 |
7
| ||
Squid/Octopus | 4/ | 2/ | 4/2 | 1/1 |
10/3
| |
Other mollusc | 2 |
2
| ||||
Algae
| 4 |
4
| ||||
Where do snappers live?
| ||||||
Rocky substrate
| 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 |
60
|
Cascalho (gravel) | 1 | 4 | 1 |
6
| ||
Beaches | 1 | /3 |
1/4
| |||
Coast | 1 |
1
| ||||
Corals | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Deep water | 3 | 2 | ||||
When do snappers are mature/spawn?
| ||||||
Does not know | 11 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 36 |
Autumn | 0 | |||||
Winter | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
Spring | 3 | 1 | 10
d
| 14 | ||
Summer | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 12 |
All year round | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Research site | Trips/no. days for snapper collection | Collection Period | GPS Locations (Google Earth) | Total snappers collected/spp | Total interviews with fishers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bertioga, SE Brazil | 10 (44 days) | April 2008-January 2009 | 230 51' 18" 460 08' 20" | 44/4 spp. | 24 |
Copacabana, Rio, SE Brazil | 12 (80 days) | April 2008 - March 2009 | 220 58' 15" 430 11' 29" | 35/3 spp. | 18 |
Paraty, SE Brazil | 02 (7 days) | August and November 2008. | 230 12' 59" 440 43' 04" | 44/3 spp. | 15 |
Porto Sauípe, Entre Rios, Bahia, NE Brazil2 | 02 (6 days) | July and October2008 | 120 01' 52" 370 39' 40" | 137/9 spp. | 14 |
Riacho Doce, Maceió, Alagoas, NE Brazil | 01 (04 days) | January 2009 | 90 33' 50" 350 39' 21" | 28/3 spp. | 15 |
L. analisCopacabana | L. synagrisBertioga | L. synagris, Maceió | L. vivanus, P. Sauipe | O. chrysurus, P. Sauipe | R. aurorubens, P. Sauipe | L. synagris, Paraty | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (g)
| 891.9 | 1174.1 | 340.0 | 496.6 | 488.6 | 528.8 | 1245,9 |
St. error
| 42.6 | 85.5 | 38.2 | 23.9 | 17.0 | 64.3 | 132,3 |
Median
| 900 | 1158 | 300 | 470 | 455 | 440 | 1625 |
St. dev. | 237.4 | 460.3 | 147.8 | 128.5 | 138.5 | 257.3 | 771,2 |
Interval
| 1000 | 1620 | 600 | 610 | 780 | 1000 | 2350 |
Min
| 500 | 480 | 150 | 290 | 320 | 300 | 150 |
Max
| 1500 | 2100 | 750 | 900 | 1100 | 1300 | 2500 |
N
| 31 | 29 | 15 | 29 | 66 | 16 | 34 |
L. analis, Copacabana | L. synagris, Bertioga | L. synagris, Maceió | L. vivanus, P. Sauipe | O. chrysurus, P. Sauipe | R. aurorubens, P. Sauipe | L. synagris, Paraty | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (mm)
| 401.0 | 444.7 | 282.0 | 337.9 | 387.6 | 351.3 | 417,8 |
St. error
| 7.3 | 10.3 | 8.6 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 14.8 | 19,4 |
Median
| 410 | 443 | 270 | 330 | 380 | 335 | 487,5 |
St. dev. | 40.4 | 55.2 | 33.4 | 34.4 | 36.3 | 59.3 | 113.0 |
Interval
| 220 | 210 | 120 | 160 | 210 | 240 | 305 |
Min
| 300 | 350 | 240 | 250 | 320 | 270 | 235 |
Max
| 520 | 560 | 360 | 410 | 530 | 510 | 540 |
N
| 31 | 29 | 15 | 29 | 66 | 16 | 34 |
Period | L. analisCopacabana | L. synagrisBertioga | L. synagrisMaceió | L. vivanusP. Sauipe | O. chrysurusP. Sauipe | R. aurorubens. P. Sauipe | L. synagris, Paraty | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April
| 0.55 ± 0.22 |
0.55 ± 0.22
| ||||||
May
| 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.18 |
0.36 ± 0.11
| |||||
June
| 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.52 ± 0.14 |
0.45 ± 0.13
| |||||
July
| 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.11 |
0.28 ± 0.03
| |||
August
| 0.22 ± 0.12 | 0.66 ± 0.16 |
0.44 ± 0.13
| |||||
September
| 0.05
a
| 1.12 ± 0.84 |
0.94 ± 0.71
| |||||
October
| 0.07 ± 0.01 | 1.37 ± 0.25 | 1.26 ± 0.24 | 0.45 ± 0.09 |
0.94 ± 0.13
| |||
November
| 1.93 ± 0.27 |
1.91 ± 0.27
| ||||||
December
| 0.37 ± 0.27 | 4.04 ± 0.16 |
2.21 ± 1.07
| |||||
January
| 3.58 ± 0.46 |
3.58 ± 0.46
| ||||||
Autumn
| 0.34 ± 0.11 | 0.85 ± 0.18 |
0.43 ± 0.11
| |||||
Winter
| 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.47 ± 0.12 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.11 | 0.66 ± 0.16 |
0.32 ± 0.03
| |
Spring
| 0.07 ± 0.01 | 1.12 ± 0.84 | 1.37 ± 0.24 | 1.26 ± 0.24 | 0.45 ± 0.09 | 1.93 ± 0.27 |
1.34 ± 0.15
| |
Summer
| 0.37 ± 0.27 | 4.04 ± 0.16 | 3.58 ± 0.46 |
3.29 ± 0.43
|
Species, seasons and comparisons | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) L. analis, Copacabana | ||||
Winter
|
Spring
|
Summer
| ||
Autumn
| 0.0796 | 0.0593 | 0.5942 | |
Winter
| 1 | 0.1161 | ||
Spring
| 0.0507 | |||
(b) L. synagris, Bertioga | ||||
Winter
|
Spring
|
Summer
| ||
Autumn
| 0.0885 | 0.1416 | 0.0641 | |
Winter
| 0.5528 | 0.0232 | ||
Spring
| 0.2453 | |||
(c) Comparison, of GSI values between Winter and Spring for four species between Winter and Spring | ||||
L. vivanus
, P. Sauipe
|
O. chrysurus
, P. Sauipe
|
R. aurorubens
, P. Sauipe
|
L. synagris
, Paraty
| |
P-parameter
| 0.0013 | 0.0003 | 0.1816 | 0.3778 |
Research site | Data on fishing sites/spots | Spots and number of fishers citing the spot | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bertioga, SE Brazil | From Andreoli (2008) interviews (n = 24) and Alcatrazes is confirmed in our snapper sample. | Alcatrazes Island (17 fishers), Montão de Trigo Island (10) Queimada Grande Island (7), and Laje de Santos Island (3), the most mentioned sites. | ||
Copacabana, Rio, SE Brazil | From our collection. | Cagarras Island (most common in our sample), Laje de Santo Antonio, and Angra dos Reis. | ||
Paraty, SE Brazil | Marking of fishing spots using GPS Garmin, with the help of fishers Alcides and Marquinhos, November 2008. | Cais da Praia Grande | 23°09'06'' | 44°41'48'' |
Ponta da Baleia - Ilha do Araújo | 23°09'02'' | 44°40'55'' | ||
Ponta da Rapada - Ilha Rapada | 23°09'33'' | 44°39'37'' | ||
Ilha dos Ganchos | 23°10'25'' | 44°38'02'' | ||
Laje do Fundo | 23°07'54'' | 44°39'31'' | ||
Laje Rasa | 23°07'17'' | 44°39'13'' | ||
Ilha dos Meros | 23°10'57'' | 44°34'26'' | ||
Laje dos Meros | 23°10'40'' | 44°34'39'' | ||
Laje do Sapê | 23°11'00'' | 44°34'35'' | ||
Laje dos Ganchos | 23°10'12'' | 44°37'12'' | ||
Porto Sauípe, Entre Rios, Bahia, NE Brazil | From an interview with the fisher Celinho (66 y. old). | All spots with 140 m deep or more (70 braças): Seladinha, Ponta da Areia, Preto, Selada Grande, Ronco da Caatinga, Sampelício, Caranha, Oco da Galha, Verde, Meio da Vagem, Caça Lobo, Mancha Grande, Amiúda, Caatinga, Verde da Caatinga, Camburú, Verde do Camburú. |