Background
Methods
Study area
Data collection
Department | Sample size | Ethnic group | Sex | Age | Total per ethnic group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | ≥ 40 years | < 40 years | ||||
Atacora | 401 | Berba | 36 | 34 | 59 | 11 | 70 |
Waama | 152 | 89 | 182 | 59 | 241 | ||
Otamari | 62 | 28 | 59 | 31 | 90 | ||
Donga | 585 | Anii | 64 | 2 | 55 | 11 | 66 |
Nago | 57 | 6 | 53 | 10 | 63 | ||
Lokpa | 257 | 29 | 173 | 113 | 286 | ||
Yom | 99 | 30 | 97 | 32 | 129 | ||
Foodo | 40 | 1 | 29 | 12 | 41 | ||
Alibori | 311 | Dendi | 59 | 29 | 76 | 12 | 88 |
Mokolé | 43 | 15 | 46 | 12 | 58 | ||
Bariba | 122 | 43 | 107 | 58 | 165 | ||
Borgou | 290 | Boko | 42 | 11 | 43 | 10 | 53 |
Fulani | 93 | 21 | 98 | 16 | 114 | ||
Bariba | 89 | 34 | 101 | 22 | 123 | ||
Total | 1587 | - | 1215 | 372 | 1178 | 409 | 1587 |
Data analysis
Index | Calculation | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Interviewee diversity value (ID) ID = Ux/Ut | ID, number of uses-citations by a given interviewee (Ux) divided by the total number of uses (Ut) | Measures how many interviewees used Parkia biglobosa and how its uses are distributed among the interviewees | [17] |
Interviewee equitability value (IE) IE = ID/IDmax | IE, interviewee diversity value (ID) divided by this index's maximum value (IDmax) | Measures the degree of homogeneity of the interviewee's knowledge | [17] |
Consensus value for plant parts (CPP) CPP = Px/Pt | CPP, number of times a given plant part was cited (Px) divided by the total number of citations of all parts (Pt) | Measures the degree of agreement among interviewees concerning the plant part used | [18] |
Use diversity value (UD) UD = Ucx/Uct | UD, number of indications recorded by category (Ucx) divided by the total number of indications for all categories (Uct) | Measures the importance of the use categories and how they contribute to the total value of uses | [17] |
Use equitability value (UE) UE = UD/UDmax | UE, use-diversity value (UD) divided by the index's maximum value (UDmax) | Measures the degree of homogeneity of knowledge about use categories | [17] |
Consensus value for the form of use (CMU) CMU = Mx/Mt | CMU, number of citations for a given form of use (Mx) divided by the total number of citations for all forms (Mt) | Measures the degree of agreement among interviewees concerning the form of use of Parkia biglobosa | [18] |
Results
Diversity and distribution of knowledge among interviewees
Department | Farmers | Traditional Healers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number of interviewees | Number of uses cited | Total ID (p) | Total IE (p) | Total number of interviewees | Number of uses cited | Total ID (p) | Total IE (p) | |
Alibori | 219 | 25 | 0.99 (0.308) | 0.99 (0.308) | 27 | 19 | 0.98 (0.139) | 0.98 (0.139) |
Borgou | 218 | 47 | 0.52 (0.001) | 0.81 (0.001) | 20 | 40 | 0.71 (< 0.001) | 0.83 (< 0.001) |
Atacora | 230 | 19 | 0.58 (0.151) | 0.79 (0.151) | 42 | 42 | 0.23 (0.020) | 0.88 (0.020) |
Donga | 488 | 76 | 0.61 (0.012) | 0.87 (0.012) | 41 | 47 | 0.43 (0.362) | 0.51 (0.362) |
Use diversity value
Category of use | Alibori | Borgou | Atacora | Donga | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dendi | Mokolé | Bariba | Bariba | Fulani | Boko | Berba | Waama | Otamari | Anii | Nago | Lokpa | Yom | Foodo | |||||||||||||||
UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | UD | UE | |
Medicinal | 0.72 | 1 | 0.75 | 1 | 0.72 | 1 | 0.62 | 1 | 0.69 | 1 | 0.63 | 1 | 0.76 | 1 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.46 | 1 | 0.67 | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.64 | 1 | 0.70 | 1 | 0.59 | 1 |
Medico-magic | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.08 | - | - | 0.14 | 0.26 | - | - | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
Veterinary | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.09 | 0.2 | - | - | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
Cultural | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.02 | 0.03 | - | - | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
Handicrafts and domestic | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.23 |
Food | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.4 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
Commercial | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.4 | 0.18 | 0.4 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
Parkia biglobosa plant parts used
Parts | Alibori | Borgou | Atacora | Donga | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dendi | Mokolé | Bariba | Bariba | Fulani | Boko | Berba | Waama | Otamari | Anii | Nago | Lokpa | Yom | Foodo | |
Bark | 0.25 | 0.235 | 0.271 | 0.114 | 0.068 | 0.063 | 0.198 | 0.146 | 0.118 | 0.173 | 0.183 | 0.201 | 0.189 | 0.248 |
Leaves | 0.156 | 0.139 | 0.133 | 0.089 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.102 | 0.063 | 0.055 | 0.07 | 0.107 | 0.088 | 0.059 | 0.203 |
Roots | 0.04 | 0.036 | 0.069 | 0.018 | 0.007 | 0.013 | - | 0.023 | 0.059 | 0.096 | 0.127 | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.03 |
Seeds | 0.375 | 0.398 | 0.352 | 0.253 | 0.341 | 0.275 | 0.353 | 0.402 | 0.349 | 0.368 | 0.317 | 0.414 | 0.519 | 0.391 |
Pulp | 0.156 | 0.054 | 0.09 | 0.253 | 0.341 | 0.275 | 0.198 | 0.193 | 0.261 | 0.272 | 0.183 | 0.255 | 0.205 | 0.12 |
Shells of fruits | 0.022 | 0.018 | 0.024 | 0.06 | 0.032 | 0.02 | - | - | 0.004 | 0.018 | 0.048 | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.008 |
Flowers | - | - | - | - | 0.007 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Branches | - | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.213 | 0.161 | 0.311 | 0.150 | 0.173 | 0.155 | 0.004 | 0.036 | 0.009 | - | - |
Parts | Axis 1 | Axis 2 |
---|---|---|
Bark | 0.954 | -0.195 |
Leaves | 0.952 | -0.158 |
Roots | 0.733 | -0.306 |
Seeds | 0.915 | 0.006 |
Pulp | 0.876 | 0.219 |
Shells | 0.714 | 0.230 |
Flowers | -0.041 | 0.897 |
Branches | 0.426 | 0.551 |
Forms of use of Parkia biglobosa
Forms of use | Alibori | Borgou | Atacora | Donga | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dendi | Mokolé | Bariba | Bariba | Fulani | Boko | Berba | Waama | Otamari | Anii | Nago | Lokpa | Yom | Foodo | |
Decoction | 0.274 | 0.289 | 0.293 | 0.195 | 0.141 | 0.257 | 0.245 | 0.367 | 0.151 | 0.103 | 0.103 | 0.099 | 0.16 | 0.123 |
Maceration | 0.137 | 0.104 | 0.133 | 0.047 | 0.025 | 0.029 | 0.06 | 0.036 | 0.086 | 0.06 | 0.103 | 0.072 | 0.08 | 0.046 |
Filtration | 0.16 | 0.121 | 0.102 | 0.053 | 0.075 | 0.214 | 0.007 | 0.036 | - | - | 0.019 | 0.041 | - | - |
Powder | 0.032 | 0.064 | 0.038 | 0.005 | 0.05 | - | 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.046 | 0.128 | 0.058 | 0.051 | 0.024 | 0.077 |
Boiled pulp | 0.137 | 0.116 | 0.091 | 0.045 | 0.033 | 0.029 | 0.323 | 0.281 | 0.355 | 0.12 | 0.116 | 0.206 | 0.096 | 0.169 |
Sponge | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.087 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.085 | 0.129 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.015 |
Vegetable brush (toothpick) | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.022 | - | - | - | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.154 | 0.2 | 0.362 | 0.424 | 0.308 |
Seeds/potash derived condiment | 0.251 | 0.295 | 0.233 | 0.321 | 0.394 | 0.243 | 0.307 | 0.245 | 0.349 | 0.205 | 0.148 | 0.041 | 0.08 | 0.031 |
Direct consumption | - | - | - | 0.216 | 0.266 | 0.186 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Pounding | - | - | - | 0.118 | 0.017 | 0.043 | - | - | - | 0.12 | 0.097 | 0.111 | 0.128 | 0.169 |
Small cushion | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.002 | 0.014 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Chewing | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.007 | - | - | - | - | - |
Consumption after cooking on embers | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.017 | 0.006 | 0.004 | - | 0.015 |
Soap | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.002 | - | 0.046 |
Frankincense | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.006 | - | - | - |
Parameters calculated | Alibori | Borgou | Atacora | Donga | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dendi | Mokolé | Bariba | Bariba | Fulani | Boko | Berba | Waama | Otamari | Anii | Nago | Lokpa | Yom | Foodo | |
Number of interviewees by ethnic group (S) | 69 | 54 | 123 | 50 | 39 | 58 | 47 | 67 | 266 | 64 | 46 | 260 | 109 | 40 |
Simpson's diversity index (1/D) | 5.66 | 11.04 | 6.70 | 2.72 | 1.54 | 4.12 | 2.76 | 6.12 | 5.88 | 11.22 | 1.41 | 12.57 | 11.88 | 8.21 |