Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 5/2009

01.10.2009 | Review

Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in rheumatic diseases

verfasst von: William J McCormack, Andrew E Parker, Luke A O'Neill

Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Ausgabe 5/2009

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The past 10 years have seen the description of families of receptors that drive proinflammatory cytokine production in infection and tissue injury. Two major classes have been examined in the context of inflammatory joint disease - the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). TLRs such as TLR2 and TLR4 are being implicated in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, lyme arthritis and osteoarthritis. Nalp3 has been identified as a key NLR for IL-1β production and has been shown to have a particular role in gout. These findings present new therapeutic opportunities, possibly allowing for the replacement of biologics with small molecule inhibitors.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat O'Neill LA: The interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamily: 10 years of progress. Immunol Rev. 2008, 226: 10-18. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00701.x.CrossRefPubMed O'Neill LA: The interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamily: 10 years of progress. Immunol Rev. 2008, 226: 10-18. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00701.x.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin MS, Kim SE, Heo JY, Lee ME, Kim HM, Paik SG, Lee H, Lee JO: Crystal structure of the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer induced by binding of a tri-acylated lipopeptide. Cell. 2007, 130: 1071-1082. 10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.008.CrossRefPubMed Jin MS, Kim SE, Heo JY, Lee ME, Kim HM, Paik SG, Lee H, Lee JO: Crystal structure of the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer induced by binding of a tri-acylated lipopeptide. Cell. 2007, 130: 1071-1082. 10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.008.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim HM, Park BS, Kim JI, Kim SE, Lee J, Oh SC, Enkhbayar P, Matsushima N, Lee H, Yoo OJ, Lee JO: Crystal structure of the TLR4-MD-2 complex with bound endotoxin antagonist Eritoran. Cell. 2007, 130: 906-917. 10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.002.CrossRefPubMed Kim HM, Park BS, Kim JI, Kim SE, Lee J, Oh SC, Enkhbayar P, Matsushima N, Lee H, Yoo OJ, Lee JO: Crystal structure of the TLR4-MD-2 complex with bound endotoxin antagonist Eritoran. Cell. 2007, 130: 906-917. 10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.002.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurt-Jones EA, Popova L, Kwinn L, Haynes LM, Jones LP, Tripp RA, Walsh EE, Freeman MW, Golenbock DT, Anderson LJ, Finberg RW: Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Immunol. 2000, 1: 398-401. 10.1038/80833.CrossRefPubMed Kurt-Jones EA, Popova L, Kwinn L, Haynes LM, Jones LP, Tripp RA, Walsh EE, Freeman MW, Golenbock DT, Anderson LJ, Finberg RW: Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Immunol. 2000, 1: 398-401. 10.1038/80833.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Awomoyi AA, Rallabhandi P, Pollin TI, Lorenz E, Sztein MB, Boukhvalova MS, Hemming VG, Blanco JC, Vogel SN: Association of TLR4 polymorphisms with symptomatic respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants and young children. J Immunol. 2007, 179: 3171-3177.CrossRefPubMed Awomoyi AA, Rallabhandi P, Pollin TI, Lorenz E, Sztein MB, Boukhvalova MS, Hemming VG, Blanco JC, Vogel SN: Association of TLR4 polymorphisms with symptomatic respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants and young children. J Immunol. 2007, 179: 3171-3177.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kenny EF, O'Neill LA: Signalling adaptors used by Toll-like receptors: an update. Cytokine. 2008, 43: 342-349. 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.010.CrossRefPubMed Kenny EF, O'Neill LA: Signalling adaptors used by Toll-like receptors: an update. Cytokine. 2008, 43: 342-349. 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.010.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J: The inflammasomes: guardians of the body. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009, 27: 229-265. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715.CrossRefPubMed Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J: The inflammasomes: guardians of the body. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009, 27: 229-265. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Verma D, Lerm M, Blomgran Julinder R, Eriksson P, Soderkvist P, Sarndahl E: Gene polymorphisms in the NALP3 inflammasome are associated with interleukin-1 production and severe inflammation: relation to common inflammatory diseases?. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 888-894. 10.1002/art.23286.CrossRefPubMed Verma D, Lerm M, Blomgran Julinder R, Eriksson P, Soderkvist P, Sarndahl E: Gene polymorphisms in the NALP3 inflammasome are associated with interleukin-1 production and severe inflammation: relation to common inflammatory diseases?. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 888-894. 10.1002/art.23286.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K, McDermott MF, Hawkins PN, Tschopp J: NALP3 forms an IL-1β-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder. Immunity. 2004, 20: 319-325. 10.1016/S1074-7613(04)00046-9.CrossRefPubMed Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K, McDermott MF, Hawkins PN, Tschopp J: NALP3 forms an IL-1β-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder. Immunity. 2004, 20: 319-325. 10.1016/S1074-7613(04)00046-9.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Church LD, Cook GP, McDermott MF: Primer: inflammasomes and interleukin 1β in inflammatory disorders. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008, 4: 34-42. 10.1038/ncprheum0681.CrossRefPubMed Church LD, Cook GP, McDermott MF: Primer: inflammasomes and interleukin 1β in inflammatory disorders. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008, 4: 34-42. 10.1038/ncprheum0681.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang Z, Georgel P, Du X, Shamel L, Sovath S, Mudd S, Huber M, Kalis C, Keck S, Galanos C, Freudenberg M, Beutler B: CD14 is required for MyD88-independent LPS signaling. Nat Immunol. 2005, 6: 565-570. 10.1038/ni1207.CrossRefPubMed Jiang Z, Georgel P, Du X, Shamel L, Sovath S, Mudd S, Huber M, Kalis C, Keck S, Galanos C, Freudenberg M, Beutler B: CD14 is required for MyD88-independent LPS signaling. Nat Immunol. 2005, 6: 565-570. 10.1038/ni1207.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Herlands RA, Christensen SR, Sweet RA, Hershberg U, Shlomchik MJ: T cell-independent and toll-like receptor-dependent antigen-driven activation of autoreactive B cells. Immunity. 2008, 29: 249-260. 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.06.009.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Herlands RA, Christensen SR, Sweet RA, Hershberg U, Shlomchik MJ: T cell-independent and toll-like receptor-dependent antigen-driven activation of autoreactive B cells. Immunity. 2008, 29: 249-260. 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.06.009.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Ganley-Leal LM, Liu X, Wetzler LM: Toll-like receptor 2-mediated human B cell differentiation. Clin Immunol. 2006, 120: 272-284. 10.1016/j.clim.2006.04.571.CrossRefPubMed Ganley-Leal LM, Liu X, Wetzler LM: Toll-like receptor 2-mediated human B cell differentiation. Clin Immunol. 2006, 120: 272-284. 10.1016/j.clim.2006.04.571.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Heijden van der IM, Wilbrink B, Tchetverikov I, Schrijver IA, Schouls LM, Hazenberg MP, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Presence of bacterial DNA and bacterial peptidoglycans in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 593-598. 10.1002/1529-0131(200003)43:3<593::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-1.CrossRefPubMed Heijden van der IM, Wilbrink B, Tchetverikov I, Schrijver IA, Schouls LM, Hazenberg MP, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Presence of bacterial DNA and bacterial peptidoglycans in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 593-598. 10.1002/1529-0131(200003)43:3<593::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-1.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaschke S, Schwarz G, Moneke D, Binder L, Muller G, Reuss-Borst M: Epstein-Barr virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, synovial fluid cells, and synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000, 27: 866-873.PubMed Blaschke S, Schwarz G, Moneke D, Binder L, Muller G, Reuss-Borst M: Epstein-Barr virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, synovial fluid cells, and synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000, 27: 866-873.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Ospelt C, Brentano F, Rengel Y, Stanczyk J, Kolling C, Tak PP, Gay RE, Gay S, Kyburz D: Overexpression of toll-like receptors 3 and 4 in synovial tissue from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: toll-like receptor expression in early and longstanding arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 3684-3692. 10.1002/art.24140.CrossRefPubMed Ospelt C, Brentano F, Rengel Y, Stanczyk J, Kolling C, Tak PP, Gay RE, Gay S, Kyburz D: Overexpression of toll-like receptors 3 and 4 in synovial tissue from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: toll-like receptor expression in early and longstanding arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 3684-3692. 10.1002/art.24140.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Brentano F, Schorr O, Gay RE, Gay S, Kyburz D: RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells activates rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via Toll-like receptor 3. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2656-2665. 10.1002/art.21273.CrossRefPubMed Brentano F, Schorr O, Gay RE, Gay S, Kyburz D: RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells activates rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via Toll-like receptor 3. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2656-2665. 10.1002/art.21273.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Roelofs MF, Joosten LA, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, van Lieshout AW, Sprong T, Hoogen van den FH, Berg van den WB, Radstake TR: The expression of toll-like receptors 3 and 7 in rheumatoid arthritis synovium is increased and costimulation of toll-like receptors 3, 4, and 7/8 results in synergistic cytokine production by dendritic cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2313-2322. 10.1002/art.21278.CrossRefPubMed Roelofs MF, Joosten LA, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, van Lieshout AW, Sprong T, Hoogen van den FH, Berg van den WB, Radstake TR: The expression of toll-like receptors 3 and 7 in rheumatoid arthritis synovium is increased and costimulation of toll-like receptors 3, 4, and 7/8 results in synergistic cytokine production by dendritic cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2313-2322. 10.1002/art.21278.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang Q, Ma Y, Adebayo A, Pope RM: Increased macrophage activation mediated through toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2192-2201. 10.1002/art.22707.CrossRefPubMed Huang Q, Ma Y, Adebayo A, Pope RM: Increased macrophage activation mediated through toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2192-2201. 10.1002/art.22707.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Sacre SM, Andreakos E, Kiriakidis S, Amjadi P, Lundberg A, Giddins G, Feldmann M, Brennan F, Foxwell BM: The Toll-like receptor adaptor proteins MyD88 and Mal/TIRAP contribute to the inflammatory and destructive processes in a human model of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Pathol. 2007, 170: 518-525. 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060657.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Sacre SM, Andreakos E, Kiriakidis S, Amjadi P, Lundberg A, Giddins G, Feldmann M, Brennan F, Foxwell BM: The Toll-like receptor adaptor proteins MyD88 and Mal/TIRAP contribute to the inflammatory and destructive processes in a human model of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Pathol. 2007, 170: 518-525. 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060657.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Joosten LA, Roelofs MF, Radstake TR, Matera G, Popa C, Meer van der JW, Netea MG, Berg van den WB: Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 breaks the inflammatory loop in autoimmune destructive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2957-2967. 10.1002/art.22848.CrossRefPubMed Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Joosten LA, Roelofs MF, Radstake TR, Matera G, Popa C, Meer van der JW, Netea MG, Berg van den WB: Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 breaks the inflammatory loop in autoimmune destructive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2957-2967. 10.1002/art.22848.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Joosten LA, Koenders MI, Devesa I, Roelofs MF, Radstake TR, Heuvelmans-Jacobs M, Akira S, Nicklin MJ, Ribeiro-Dias F, Berg van den WB: Stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4 differentially skews the balance of T cells in a mouse model of arthritis. J Clin Invest. 2008, 118: 205-216. 10.1172/JCI32639.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Joosten LA, Koenders MI, Devesa I, Roelofs MF, Radstake TR, Heuvelmans-Jacobs M, Akira S, Nicklin MJ, Ribeiro-Dias F, Berg van den WB: Stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4 differentially skews the balance of T cells in a mouse model of arthritis. J Clin Invest. 2008, 118: 205-216. 10.1172/JCI32639.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Joosten LA, Koenders MI, Smeets RL, Heuvelmans-Jacobs M, Helsen MM, Takeda K, Akira S, Lubberts E, Loo van de FA, Berg van den WB: Toll-like receptor 2 pathway drives streptococcal cell wall-induced joint inflammation: critical role of myeloid differentiation factor 88. J Immunol. 2003, 171: 6145-6153.CrossRefPubMed Joosten LA, Koenders MI, Smeets RL, Heuvelmans-Jacobs M, Helsen MM, Takeda K, Akira S, Lubberts E, Loo van de FA, Berg van den WB: Toll-like receptor 2 pathway drives streptococcal cell wall-induced joint inflammation: critical role of myeloid differentiation factor 88. J Immunol. 2003, 171: 6145-6153.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Joosten LA, Helsen MM, Walgreen B, van Lent PL, Bersselaar van den LA, Koenders MI, Berg van den WB: from toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) toward TLR-4 dependency in the erosive stage of chronic streptococcal cell wall arthritis coincident with TLR-4-mediated interleukin-17 production. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 3753-3764. 10.1002/art.24127.CrossRefPubMed Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Joosten LA, Helsen MM, Walgreen B, van Lent PL, Bersselaar van den LA, Koenders MI, Berg van den WB: from toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) toward TLR-4 dependency in the erosive stage of chronic streptococcal cell wall arthritis coincident with TLR-4-mediated interleukin-17 production. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 3753-3764. 10.1002/art.24127.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein RS, Bruchfeld A, Yang L, Qureshi AR, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Patel NB, Huston BJ, Chavan S, Rosas-Ballina M, Gregersen PK, Czura CJ, Sloan RP, Sama AE, Tracey KJ: Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway activity and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) serum levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med. 2007, 13: 210-215. 10.2119/2006-00108.Goldstein.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Goldstein RS, Bruchfeld A, Yang L, Qureshi AR, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Patel NB, Huston BJ, Chavan S, Rosas-Ballina M, Gregersen PK, Czura CJ, Sloan RP, Sama AE, Tracey KJ: Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway activity and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) serum levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med. 2007, 13: 210-215. 10.2119/2006-00108.Goldstein.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang QQ, Sobkoviak R, Jockheck-Clark AR, Shi B, Mandelin AM, Tak PP, Haines GK, Nicchitta CV, Pope RM: Heat shock protein 96 is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis and activates macrophages primarily via TLR2 signaling. J Immunol. 2009, 182: 4965-4973. 10.4049/jimmunol.0801563.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Huang QQ, Sobkoviak R, Jockheck-Clark AR, Shi B, Mandelin AM, Tak PP, Haines GK, Nicchitta CV, Pope RM: Heat shock protein 96 is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis and activates macrophages primarily via TLR2 signaling. J Immunol. 2009, 182: 4965-4973. 10.4049/jimmunol.0801563.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kilding R, Akil M, Till S, Amos R, Winfield J, Iles MM, Wilson AG: A biologically important single nucleotide polymorphism within the toll-like receptor-4 gene is not associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003, 21: 340-342.PubMed Kilding R, Akil M, Till S, Amos R, Winfield J, Iles MM, Wilson AG: A biologically important single nucleotide polymorphism within the toll-like receptor-4 gene is not associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003, 21: 340-342.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchez E, Orozco G, Lopez-Nevot MA, Jimenez-Alonso J, Martin J: Polymorphisms of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 genes in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Tissue Antigens. 2004, 63: 54-57. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00162.x.CrossRefPubMed Sanchez E, Orozco G, Lopez-Nevot MA, Jimenez-Alonso J, Martin J: Polymorphisms of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 genes in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Tissue Antigens. 2004, 63: 54-57. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00162.x.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Ospelt C, Brentano F, Jungel A, Rengel Y, Kolling C, Michel BA, Gay RE, Gay S: Expression, regulation, and signaling of the pattern-recognition receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerizastion domain 2 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 355-363. 10.1002/art.24226.CrossRefPubMed Ospelt C, Brentano F, Jungel A, Rengel Y, Kolling C, Michel BA, Gay RE, Gay S: Expression, regulation, and signaling of the pattern-recognition receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerizastion domain 2 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 355-363. 10.1002/art.24226.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Joosten LA, Heinhuis B, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Ferwerda G, Lebourhis L, Philpott DJ, Nahori MA, Popa C, Morre SA, Meer van der JW, Girardin SE, Netea MG, Berg van den WB: Differential function of the NACHT-LRR (NLR) members Nod1 and Nod2 in arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 9017-9022. 10.1073/pnas.0710445105.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Joosten LA, Heinhuis B, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Ferwerda G, Lebourhis L, Philpott DJ, Nahori MA, Popa C, Morre SA, Meer van der JW, Girardin SE, Netea MG, Berg van den WB: Differential function of the NACHT-LRR (NLR) members Nod1 and Nod2 in arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 9017-9022. 10.1073/pnas.0710445105.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirschfeld M, Kirschning CJ, Schwandner R, Wesche H, Weis JH, Wooten RM, Weis JJ: Cutting edge: inflammatory signaling by Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol. 1999, 163: 2382-2386.PubMed Hirschfeld M, Kirschning CJ, Schwandner R, Wesche H, Weis JH, Wooten RM, Weis JJ: Cutting edge: inflammatory signaling by Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol. 1999, 163: 2382-2386.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexopoulou L, Thomas V, Schnare M, Lobet Y, Anguita J, Schoen RT, Medzhitov R, Fikrig E, Flavell RA: Hyporesponsiveness to vaccination with Borrelia burgdorferi OspA in humans and in TLR1- and TLR2-deficient mice. Nat Med. 2002, 8: 878-884.PubMed Alexopoulou L, Thomas V, Schnare M, Lobet Y, Anguita J, Schoen RT, Medzhitov R, Fikrig E, Flavell RA: Hyporesponsiveness to vaccination with Borrelia burgdorferi OspA in humans and in TLR1- and TLR2-deficient mice. Nat Med. 2002, 8: 878-884.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Schroder NW, Diterich I, Zinke A, Eckert J, Draing C, von Baehr V, Hassler D, Priem S, Hahn K, Michelsen KS, Hartung T, Burmester GR, Gobel UB, Hermann C, Schumann RR: Heterozygous Arg753Gln polymorphism of human TLR-2 impairs immune activation by Borrelia burgdorferi and protects from late stage Lyme disease. J Immunol. 2005, 175: 2534-2540.CrossRefPubMed Schroder NW, Diterich I, Zinke A, Eckert J, Draing C, von Baehr V, Hassler D, Priem S, Hahn K, Michelsen KS, Hartung T, Burmester GR, Gobel UB, Hermann C, Schumann RR: Heterozygous Arg753Gln polymorphism of human TLR-2 impairs immune activation by Borrelia burgdorferi and protects from late stage Lyme disease. J Immunol. 2005, 175: 2534-2540.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Gota C, Calabrese L: Induction of clinical autoimmune disease by therapeutic interferon-alpha. Autoimmunity. 2003, 36: 511-518. 10.1080/08916930310001605873.CrossRefPubMed Gota C, Calabrese L: Induction of clinical autoimmune disease by therapeutic interferon-alpha. Autoimmunity. 2003, 36: 511-518. 10.1080/08916930310001605873.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Ronnblom LE, Alm GV, Oberg KE: Possible induction of systemic lupus erythematosus by interferon-alpha treatment in a patient with a malignant carcinoid tumour. J Intern Med. 1990, 227: 207-210. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00144.x.CrossRefPubMed Ronnblom LE, Alm GV, Oberg KE: Possible induction of systemic lupus erythematosus by interferon-alpha treatment in a patient with a malignant carcinoid tumour. J Intern Med. 1990, 227: 207-210. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00144.x.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Anders HJ, Vielhauer V, Eis V, Linde Y, Kretzler M, Perez de Lema G, Strutz F, Bauer S, Rutz M, Wagner H, Grone HJ, Schlondorff D: Activation of toll-like receptor-9 induces progression of renal disease in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. FASEB J. 2004, 18: 534-536.PubMed Anders HJ, Vielhauer V, Eis V, Linde Y, Kretzler M, Perez de Lema G, Strutz F, Bauer S, Rutz M, Wagner H, Grone HJ, Schlondorff D: Activation of toll-like receptor-9 induces progression of renal disease in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. FASEB J. 2004, 18: 534-536.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramos-Casals M, Cuadrado MJ, Alba P, Sanna G, Brito-Zeron P, Bertolaccini L, Babini A, Moreno A, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA: Acute viral infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: description of 23 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008, 87: 311-318. 10.1097/MD.0b013e31818ec711.CrossRef Ramos-Casals M, Cuadrado MJ, Alba P, Sanna G, Brito-Zeron P, Bertolaccini L, Babini A, Moreno A, D'Cruz D, Khamashta MA: Acute viral infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: description of 23 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008, 87: 311-318. 10.1097/MD.0b013e31818ec711.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrat FJ, Meeker T, Gregorio J, Chan JH, Uematsu S, Akira S, Chang B, Duramad O, Coffman RL: Nucleic acids of mammalian origin can act as endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptors and may promote systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med. 2005, 202: 1131-1139. 10.1084/jem.20050914.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Barrat FJ, Meeker T, Gregorio J, Chan JH, Uematsu S, Akira S, Chang B, Duramad O, Coffman RL: Nucleic acids of mammalian origin can act as endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptors and may promote systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med. 2005, 202: 1131-1139. 10.1084/jem.20050914.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrat FJ, Meeker T, Chan JH, Guiducci C, Coffman RL: Treatment of lupusprone mice with a dual inhibitor of TLR7 and TLR9 leads to reduction of autoantibody production and amelioration of disease symptoms. Eur J Immunol. 2007, 37: 3582-3586. 10.1002/eji.200737815.CrossRefPubMed Barrat FJ, Meeker T, Chan JH, Guiducci C, Coffman RL: Treatment of lupusprone mice with a dual inhibitor of TLR7 and TLR9 leads to reduction of autoantibody production and amelioration of disease symptoms. Eur J Immunol. 2007, 37: 3582-3586. 10.1002/eji.200737815.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Lau CM, Broughton C, Tabor AS, Akira S, Flavell RA, Mamula MJ, Christensen SR, Shlomchik MJ, Viglianti GA, Rifkin IR, Marshak-Rothstein A: RNA-associated autoantigens activate B cells by combined B cell antigen receptor/Toll-like receptor 7 engagement. J Exp Med. 2005, 202: 1171-1177. 10.1084/jem.20050630.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Lau CM, Broughton C, Tabor AS, Akira S, Flavell RA, Mamula MJ, Christensen SR, Shlomchik MJ, Viglianti GA, Rifkin IR, Marshak-Rothstein A: RNA-associated autoantigens activate B cells by combined B cell antigen receptor/Toll-like receptor 7 engagement. J Exp Med. 2005, 202: 1171-1177. 10.1084/jem.20050630.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen SR, Shupe J, Nickerson K, Kashgarian M, Flavell RA, Shlomchik MJ: Toll-like receptor 7 and TLR9 dictate autoanti-body specificity and have opposing inflammatory and regulatory roles in a murine model of lupus. Immunity. 2006, 25: 417-428. 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.07.013.CrossRefPubMed Christensen SR, Shupe J, Nickerson K, Kashgarian M, Flavell RA, Shlomchik MJ: Toll-like receptor 7 and TLR9 dictate autoanti-body specificity and have opposing inflammatory and regulatory roles in a murine model of lupus. Immunity. 2006, 25: 417-428. 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.07.013.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrat FJ, Coffman RL: Development of TLR inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Immunol Rev. 2008, 223: 271-283. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00630.x.CrossRefPubMed Barrat FJ, Coffman RL: Development of TLR inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Immunol Rev. 2008, 223: 271-283. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00630.x.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat De Jager PL, Richardson A, Vyse TJ, Rioux JD: Genetic variation in toll-like receptor 9 and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1279-1282. 10.1002/art.21755.CrossRefPubMed De Jager PL, Richardson A, Vyse TJ, Rioux JD: Genetic variation in toll-like receptor 9 and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1279-1282. 10.1002/art.21755.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Hur JW, Shin HD, Park BL, Kim LH, Kim SY, Bae SC: Association study of Toll-like receptor 9 gene polymorphism in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tissue Antigens. 2005, 65: 266-270. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00374.x.CrossRefPubMed Hur JW, Shin HD, Park BL, Kim LH, Kim SY, Bae SC: Association study of Toll-like receptor 9 gene polymorphism in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tissue Antigens. 2005, 65: 266-270. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00374.x.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Ng MW, Lau CS, Chan TM, Wong WH, Lau YL: Polymorphisms of the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) gene with systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005, 44: 1456-1457. 10.1093/rheumatology/kei120.CrossRef Ng MW, Lau CS, Chan TM, Wong WH, Lau YL: Polymorphisms of the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) gene with systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005, 44: 1456-1457. 10.1093/rheumatology/kei120.CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Tao K, Fujii M, Tsukumo S, Maekawa Y, Kishihara K, Kimoto Y, Horiuchi T, Hisaeda H, Akira S, Kagami S, Yasutomo K: Genetic variations of Toll-like receptor 9 predispose to systemic lupus erythematosus in Japanese population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 905-909. 10.1136/ard.2006.065961.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Tao K, Fujii M, Tsukumo S, Maekawa Y, Kishihara K, Kimoto Y, Horiuchi T, Hisaeda H, Akira S, Kagami S, Yasutomo K: Genetic variations of Toll-like receptor 9 predispose to systemic lupus erythematosus in Japanese population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 905-909. 10.1136/ard.2006.065961.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Castiblanco J, Varela DC, Castano-Rodriguez N, Rojas-Villarraga A, Hincapie ME, Anaya JM: TIRAP (MAL) S180L polymorphism is a common protective factor against developing tuberculosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Infect Genet Evol. 2008, 8: 541-544. 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.03.001.CrossRefPubMed Castiblanco J, Varela DC, Castano-Rodriguez N, Rojas-Villarraga A, Hincapie ME, Anaya JM: TIRAP (MAL) S180L polymorphism is a common protective factor against developing tuberculosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Infect Genet Evol. 2008, 8: 541-544. 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.03.001.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Khor CC, Chapman SJ, Vannberg FO, Dunne A, Murphy C, Ling EY, Frodsham AJ, Walley AJ, Kyrieleis O, Khan A, Aucan C, Segal S, Moore CE, Knox K, Campbell SJ, Lienhardt C, Scott A, Aaby P, Sow OY, Grignani RT, Sillah J, Sirugo G, Peshu N, Williams TN, Maitland K, Davies RJ, Kwiatkowski DP, Day NP, Yala D, Crook DW, Marsh K, Berkley JA, O'Neill LA, Hill AV: A Mal functional variant is associated with protection against invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis. Nat Genet. 2007, 39: 523-528. 10.1038/ng1976.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Khor CC, Chapman SJ, Vannberg FO, Dunne A, Murphy C, Ling EY, Frodsham AJ, Walley AJ, Kyrieleis O, Khan A, Aucan C, Segal S, Moore CE, Knox K, Campbell SJ, Lienhardt C, Scott A, Aaby P, Sow OY, Grignani RT, Sillah J, Sirugo G, Peshu N, Williams TN, Maitland K, Davies RJ, Kwiatkowski DP, Day NP, Yala D, Crook DW, Marsh K, Berkley JA, O'Neill LA, Hill AV: A Mal functional variant is associated with protection against invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis. Nat Genet. 2007, 39: 523-528. 10.1038/ng1976.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Tian J, Avalos AM, Mao SY, Chen B, Senthil K, Wu H, Parroche P, Drabic S, Golenbock D, Sirois C, Hua J, An LL, Audoly L, La Rosa G, Bierhaus A, Naworth P, Marshak-Rothstein A, Crow MK, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E, Kiener PA, Coyle AJ: Toll-like receptor 9-dependent activation by DNA-containing immune complexes is mediated by HMGB1 and RAGE. Nat Immunol. 2007, 8: 487-496. 10.1038/ni1457.CrossRefPubMed Tian J, Avalos AM, Mao SY, Chen B, Senthil K, Wu H, Parroche P, Drabic S, Golenbock D, Sirois C, Hua J, An LL, Audoly L, La Rosa G, Bierhaus A, Naworth P, Marshak-Rothstein A, Crow MK, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E, Kiener PA, Coyle AJ: Toll-like receptor 9-dependent activation by DNA-containing immune complexes is mediated by HMGB1 and RAGE. Nat Immunol. 2007, 8: 487-496. 10.1038/ni1457.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Urbonaviciute V, Furnrohr BG, Meister S, Munoz L, Heyder P, De Marchis F, Bianchi ME, Kirschning C, Wagner H, Manfredi AA, Kalden JR, Schett G, Rovere-Querini P, Herrmann M, Voll RE: Induction of inflammatory and immune responses by HMGB1-nucleosome complexes: implications for the pathogenesis of SLE. J Exp Med. 2008, 205: 3007-3018. 10.1084/jem.20081165.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Urbonaviciute V, Furnrohr BG, Meister S, Munoz L, Heyder P, De Marchis F, Bianchi ME, Kirschning C, Wagner H, Manfredi AA, Kalden JR, Schett G, Rovere-Querini P, Herrmann M, Voll RE: Induction of inflammatory and immune responses by HMGB1-nucleosome complexes: implications for the pathogenesis of SLE. J Exp Med. 2008, 205: 3007-3018. 10.1084/jem.20081165.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Datta P, Wu J, Alnemri ES: AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature. 2009, 458: 509-513. 10.1038/nature07710.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Datta P, Wu J, Alnemri ES: AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature. 2009, 458: 509-513. 10.1038/nature07710.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M, Bauernfeind F, Horvath G, Caffrey DR, Latz E, Fitzgerald KA: AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature. 2009, 458: 514-518. 10.1038/nature07725.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M, Bauernfeind F, Horvath G, Caffrey DR, Latz E, Fitzgerald KA: AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature. 2009, 458: 514-518. 10.1038/nature07725.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Burckstummer T, Baumann C, Bluml S, Dixit E, Durnberger G, Jahn H, Planyavsky M, Bilban M, Colinge J, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G: An orthogonal proteomic-genomic screen identifies AIM2 as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor for the inflammasome. Nat Immunol. 2009, 10: 266-272. 10.1038/ni.1702.CrossRefPubMed Burckstummer T, Baumann C, Bluml S, Dixit E, Durnberger G, Jahn H, Planyavsky M, Bilban M, Colinge J, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G: An orthogonal proteomic-genomic screen identifies AIM2 as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor for the inflammasome. Nat Immunol. 2009, 10: 266-272. 10.1038/ni.1702.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kawane K, Ohtani M, Miwa K, Kizawa T, Kanbara Y, Yoshioka Y, Yoshikawa H, Nagata S: Chronic polyarthritis caused by mammalian DNA that escapes from degradation in macrophages. Nature. 2006, 443: 998-1002. 10.1038/nature05245.CrossRefPubMed Kawane K, Ohtani M, Miwa K, Kizawa T, Kanbara Y, Yoshioka Y, Yoshikawa H, Nagata S: Chronic polyarthritis caused by mammalian DNA that escapes from degradation in macrophages. Nature. 2006, 443: 998-1002. 10.1038/nature05245.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Raffeiner B, Dejaco C, Duftner C, Kullich W, Goldberger C, Vega SC, Keller M, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Schirmer M: Between adaptive and innate immunity: TLR4-mediated perforin production by CD28null T-helper cells in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005, 7: R1412-R1420. 10.1186/ar1840.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Raffeiner B, Dejaco C, Duftner C, Kullich W, Goldberger C, Vega SC, Keller M, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Schirmer M: Between adaptive and innate immunity: TLR4-mediated perforin production by CD28null T-helper cells in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005, 7: R1412-R1420. 10.1186/ar1840.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Snelgrove T, Lim S, Greenwood C, Peddle L, Hamilton S, Inman R, Rahman P: Association of toll-like receptor 4 variants and ankylosing spondylitis: a case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2007, 34: 368-370.PubMed Snelgrove T, Lim S, Greenwood C, Peddle L, Hamilton S, Inman R, Rahman P: Association of toll-like receptor 4 variants and ankylosing spondylitis: a case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2007, 34: 368-370.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Paardt van der M, Crusius JB, de Koning MH, Morre SA, Stadt van de RJ, Dijkmans BA, Pena AS, Horst-Bruinsma van der IE: No evidence for involvement of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) A896G and CD14-C260T polymorphisms in susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 235-238. 10.1136/ard.2004.021105.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Paardt van der M, Crusius JB, de Koning MH, Morre SA, Stadt van de RJ, Dijkmans BA, Pena AS, Horst-Bruinsma van der IE: No evidence for involvement of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) A896G and CD14-C260T polymorphisms in susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 235-238. 10.1136/ard.2004.021105.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Cantaert T, Stone MA, ter Borg M, Mogg R, De Vries N, Wilson AG, Tak PP, Baeten D: A functional polymorphism of TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein is not associated with axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 720-722. 10.1136/ard.2007.082784.CrossRefPubMed Cantaert T, Stone MA, ter Borg M, Mogg R, De Vries N, Wilson AG, Tak PP, Baeten D: A functional polymorphism of TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein is not associated with axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 720-722. 10.1136/ard.2007.082784.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Candia L, Marquez J, Hernandez C, Zea AH, Espinoza LR: Toll-like receptor-2 expression is upregulated in antigen-presenting cells from patients with psoriatic arthritis: a pathogenic role for innate immunity?. J Rheumatol. 2007, 34: 374-379.PubMed Candia L, Marquez J, Hernandez C, Zea AH, Espinoza LR: Toll-like receptor-2 expression is upregulated in antigen-presenting cells from patients with psoriatic arthritis: a pathogenic role for innate immunity?. J Rheumatol. 2007, 34: 374-379.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Webb R, Jeffries M, Sawalha AH: Uric acid directly promotes human T-cell activation. Am J Med Sci. 2009, 337: 23-27. 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31817727af.CrossRefPubMed Webb R, Jeffries M, Sawalha AH: Uric acid directly promotes human T-cell activation. Am J Med Sci. 2009, 337: 23-27. 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31817727af.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott P, Ma H, Viriyakosol S, Terkeltaub R, Liu-Bryan R: Engagement of CD14 mediates the inflammatory potential of monosodium urate crystals. J Immunol. 2006, 177: 6370-6378.CrossRefPubMed Scott P, Ma H, Viriyakosol S, Terkeltaub R, Liu-Bryan R: Engagement of CD14 mediates the inflammatory potential of monosodium urate crystals. J Immunol. 2006, 177: 6370-6378.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinon F, Petrilli V, Mayor A, Tardivel A, Tschopp J: Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature. 2006, 440: 237-241. 10.1038/nature04516.CrossRefPubMed Martinon F, Petrilli V, Mayor A, Tardivel A, Tschopp J: Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature. 2006, 440: 237-241. 10.1038/nature04516.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat So A, De Smedt T, Revaz S, Tschopp J: A pilot study of IL-1 inhibition by anakinra in acute gout. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R28-10.1186/ar2143.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed So A, De Smedt T, Revaz S, Tschopp J: A pilot study of IL-1 inhibition by anakinra in acute gout. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R28-10.1186/ar2143.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat McGonagle D, Tan AL, Madden J, Emery P, McDermott MF: Successful treatment of resistant pseudogout with anakinra. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 631-633. 10.1002/art.23119.CrossRefPubMed McGonagle D, Tan AL, Madden J, Emery P, McDermott MF: Successful treatment of resistant pseudogout with anakinra. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 631-633. 10.1002/art.23119.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Scanzello CR, Plaas A, Crow MK: Innate immune system activation in osteoarthritis: is osteoarthritis a chronic wound?. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008, 20: 565-572. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32830aba34.CrossRefPubMed Scanzello CR, Plaas A, Crow MK: Innate immune system activation in osteoarthritis: is osteoarthritis a chronic wound?. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008, 20: 565-572. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32830aba34.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Q, Hui W, Litherland GJ, Barter MJ, Davidson R, Darrah C, Donell ST, Clark IM, Cawston TE, Robinson JH, Rowan AD, Young DA: Differential Toll-like receptor-dependent collagenase expression in chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1633-1641. 10.1136/ard.2007.079574.CrossRefPubMed Zhang Q, Hui W, Litherland GJ, Barter MJ, Davidson R, Darrah C, Donell ST, Clark IM, Cawston TE, Robinson JH, Rowan AD, Young DA: Differential Toll-like receptor-dependent collagenase expression in chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1633-1641. 10.1136/ard.2007.079574.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Su SL, Tsai CD, Lee CH, Salter DM, Lee HS: Expression and regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 by IL-1β and fibronectin fragments in human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005, 13: 879-886. 10.1016/j.joca.2005.04.017.CrossRefPubMed Su SL, Tsai CD, Lee CH, Salter DM, Lee HS: Expression and regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 by IL-1β and fibronectin fragments in human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005, 13: 879-886. 10.1016/j.joca.2005.04.017.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim HA, Cho ML, Choi HY, Yoon CS, Jhun JY, Oh HJ, Kim HY: The catabolic pathway mediated by Toll-like receptors in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 2152-2163. 10.1002/art.21951.CrossRefPubMed Kim HA, Cho ML, Choi HY, Yoon CS, Jhun JY, Oh HJ, Kim HY: The catabolic pathway mediated by Toll-like receptors in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 2152-2163. 10.1002/art.21951.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Whelan LC, Morgan MP, McCarthy GM: Basic calcium phosphate crystals as a unique therapeutic target in osteoarthritis. Front Biosci. 2005, 10: 530-541. 10.2741/1549.CrossRefPubMed Whelan LC, Morgan MP, McCarthy GM: Basic calcium phosphate crystals as a unique therapeutic target in osteoarthritis. Front Biosci. 2005, 10: 530-541. 10.2741/1549.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Pay S, Terkeltaub R: Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite crystal deposition in the joint: new developments relevant to the clinician. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2003, 5: 235-243. 10.1007/s11926-003-0073-x.CrossRefPubMed Pay S, Terkeltaub R: Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite crystal deposition in the joint: new developments relevant to the clinician. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2003, 5: 235-243. 10.1007/s11926-003-0073-x.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Oliviero F, Frallonardo P, Peruzzo L, Ramonda R, Sfriso P, Scanu A, Tauro L, Liote F, Punzi L: Evidence of silicon dioxide crystals in synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008, 35: 1092-1095.PubMed Oliviero F, Frallonardo P, Peruzzo L, Ramonda R, Sfriso P, Scanu A, Tauro L, Liote F, Punzi L: Evidence of silicon dioxide crystals in synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008, 35: 1092-1095.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Ea HK, Liote F: Advances in understanding calcium-containing crystal disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009, 21: 150-157. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283257ba9.CrossRefPubMed Ea HK, Liote F: Advances in understanding calcium-containing crystal disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009, 21: 150-157. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283257ba9.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Caicedo MS, Desai R, McAllister K, Reddy A, Jacobs JJ, Hallab NJ: Soluble and particulate Co-Cr-Mo alloy implant metals activate the inflammasome danger signaling pathway in human macrophages: a novel mechanism for implant debris reactivity. J Orthop Res. 2008, 27: 847-854. 10.1002/jor.20826.CrossRef Caicedo MS, Desai R, McAllister K, Reddy A, Jacobs JJ, Hallab NJ: Soluble and particulate Co-Cr-Mo alloy implant metals activate the inflammasome danger signaling pathway in human macrophages: a novel mechanism for implant debris reactivity. J Orthop Res. 2008, 27: 847-854. 10.1002/jor.20826.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in rheumatic diseases
verfasst von
William J McCormack
Andrew E Parker
Luke A O'Neill
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2009
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Ausgabe 5/2009
Elektronische ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2729

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2009

Arthritis Research & Therapy 5/2009 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Reizdarmsyndrom: Diäten wirksamer als Medikamente

29.04.2024 Reizdarmsyndrom Nachrichten

Bei Reizdarmsyndrom scheinen Diäten, wie etwa die FODMAP-arme oder die kohlenhydratreduzierte Ernährung, effektiver als eine medikamentöse Therapie zu sein. Das hat eine Studie aus Schweden ergeben, die die drei Therapieoptionen im direkten Vergleich analysierte.

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.