Introduction
Materials and methods
Design
Participants
Procedures
Basic evaluations (sociodemographic evaluation, MMSE, MoCA, VAS, ODI)
Ultrasound imaging measurement
Mobility functions (TUG, 10 M-WT and FSST)
Interventions
Core stability group
CG group
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants
Characteristic | TG (n = 15) | CG (n = 16) | t-values | P-values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 64.60 (3.71) | 64.12 (2.96) | 0.39 | 0.69 | |
Sex | Female | Female | – | – | |
Hand dominance | Right | Right | – | – | |
Height (m) | 1.58 (4.63) | 1.57 (3.29) | 0.69 | 0.49 | |
Weight (kg) | 58.40 (5.06) | 56.06 (3.15) | 1.553 | 0.13 | |
MMSE | 28.93 (0.96) | 29.06 (0.85) | −0.39 | 0.69 | |
MoCA | 26.66 (0.72) | 26.81 (0.83) | −0.51 | 0.60 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.34 (1.37) | 22.72 (1.20) | 1.337 | 0.19 | |
Pain duration (years) | 8.40 (3.37) | 7.81 (3.05) | 0.50 | 0.61 | |
Academic level | Primary education (0-7 years) | 2 (13.33) | 0 | – | 0.28 |
Secondary education (8-15 years) | 10 (66.67) | 11 (73.33) | – | ||
Tertiary education (≥16 years) | 3 (20) | 5 (29.41) | – |
Pre- and post-intervention-related change in all outcome measures
Items | TG | CG | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome variables | Pre | post | Pre | post |
TrA | 2.64 (0.54) | 2.82 (0.51) | 2.61 (0.64) | 2.58 (0.59) |
VAS | 5.80 (0.94) | 3.80 (1.35) | 6.00 (0.89) | 5.5 (0.63) |
ODI | 34.0 (7.78) | 21.72 (8.84) | 32.00 (9.43) | 29.37 (8.66) |
TUG | 11.09 (0.89) | 9.24 (0.90) | 11.20 (0.76) | 11.09 (1.17) |
10 M-WT | 11.16 (1.24) | 9.89 (0.85) | 11.15 (0.69) | 10.95 (1.03) |
FSST | 10.24 (0.86) | 9.11 (1.09) | 10.16 (1.45) | 10.67 (1.08) |
Associations between the change of TrA thickness and the change of dynamic balance scores from pre- and post-interventions for two groups
TUG | 10 M-WT | FSST | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TrA thickness | Core training group | Pearson r | 0.165 | 0.085 | 0.079 |
P | 0.557 | 0.764 | 0.780 | ||
Control group | Pearson r | 0.091 | 0.242 | 0.361 | |
P | 0.737 | 0.366 | 0.369 |