Background
Methods
Identify the scope of the evidence map
Establish roles and responsibilities of different parties: stakeholder panel and research team
Develop a comprehensive search strategy
Establish study eligibility criteria and a systematic study selection process
Carry out abstract screening and study selection
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
---|---|
• English language • Human subjects • Interventions studies (randomized or non-randomized control trials or single) • Adults; Pregnant women and infants (>6 months) • Prospective cohort studies • FDA-approved sweeteners | • Animal studies • In vitro cell studies • Case–control, cross-sectional studies; Reviews, interviews, bibliographies, letters, or guidelines • Systematic reviews and meta-analysis • Cancer patients • Non-oral intake |
Carry out data extraction
Classifications of outcome categories
Outcome groups | Outcomes of interest |
---|---|
Appetite | Appetite ratings using a visual analog scale (VAS), hunger, desire to eat, fullness, prospective consumption, thirst, motivational and behavioral factors reported through questionnaire |
Energy sensing by brain | Neurological measurements (fMRI, EEG), sensory rating (sweetness, intensity, pleasantness, sensory specific satiation), taste, perception and preference, taste reaction time |
Body weight or body composition | Body weight, body composition, BMI, waist circumferences, weight or BMI changes |
Dietary intake | Energy intake, dietary intake, food intake, carbohydrate intake, sugar intake, salt intake, water intake |
Glycemic | Glucose, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin concentration, insulin sensitivity, hypoglycemia, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), enterostatin, ghrelin, leptin, somatostatin, oxyntomodulin |
Results
Summarize study and sample characteristics
Intervention studies (n = 208) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Study design |
N (%) | Population |
N (%) |
RCT-c | 119 (57.7) | Adults | 183 (88 %) |
RCT-p | 58 (27.9) | Children | 14 (7 %) |
nRCT-c | 21 (10.1) | Adolescents | 2 (1 %) |
nRCT-p | 2 (1.0) | Mixed | 6 (3 %) |
Single arm | 6 (2.9) | Unsure | 2 (1 %) |
Unclear | 1 (0.5) | Baseline health |
N (%) |
Length |
N (%) | Healthy | 140 (68 %) |
< 1 day | 124 (60.1) | Overweight/Obese | 19 (9 %) |
2 day-1 month | 37 (17.8) | Diabetic | 17 (8 %) |
1–6 months | 30 (14.4) | Mixed | 14 (7 %) |
6 months–1 year | 1 (0.5) | Other | 17 (8 %) |
> 1 year | 7 (3.3) | Age, Mean (Range) | 31 (8–73) |
Not reported | 8 (3.8) | BMI, Mean (Range) | 25.6 (16.1–42.3) |
Sample size, Mean (range) | 48 (2–732) | % Male | 51 % (0–100 %) |
Summarize by types of outcomes
Outcome group (number of studies) | Form of LCS intervention (number of studies) | Study design (number of studies) | Baseline health (number of studies) | Age group (mean) | Sample size (mean) | Country (number of studies) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Appetite (84) | Beverage (54), Food or meal (22), Supplement or oral rinse (8) | RCT-c (48), RCT-p (22), nRCT-c (11), nRCT-p (1), Single arm (1), unclear (1) | Healthy (66), Overweight/Obese (9), Mixed/other (9) | 24.1 | 52 | United States (41), Europe (31), Canada (9), Australia (3) |
Alter energy sensing (75) | Beverage (58), Food or meal (10), Supplement or oral rinse (7) | RCT-c (48), RCT-p (10), nRCT-c (13), Single arm (3), unclear (1) | Healthy (54), Overweight/Obese (2), Diabetic (1), Mixed/other (18) | 26.1 | 47 | United States (43), Europe (23), Canada (7), Asia (2) |
Body weight or body composition (35) | Beverage (14), Food or meal (13), Supplement or oral (8) | RCT-c (7), RCT-p (25), nRCT-c (2), nRCT-p (1) | Healthy (17), Overweight/Obese (8), Diabetic (5), Mixed/other (5) | 35.6 | 92 | United States (19), Europe (10), Asia (3), Africa (2), NR (1) |
Body weight or body composition (17) cohort | Beverage (17) | Cohort (17) | Healthy (17) | 32.0 | 15,430 | United States (1), Europe (1) |
Dietary Intake (62) | Beverage (39), Food or meal (19), Supplement or oral rinse (4) | RCT-c (33), RCT-p (20), nRCT-c (5), nRCT-p (2) Single arm (2) | Healthy (43), Overweight/Obese (12), Diabetic (1), Mixed/other (6) | 27.2 | 39 | United States (29), Europe (22), Canada (9), Australia (1), NR (1) |
Glycemic (76) | Beverage (42), Food or meal (19), Supplement or oral rinse (14), Not reported (1) | RCT-c (51), RCT-p (21), nRCT-c (2), Single arm (2) | Healthy (39), Overweight/Obese (8), Diabetic (17), Mixed/other (12) | 37.6 | 31 | United States (28), Europe (27), Asia (8), Australia (7), Canada (3), Africa (1), Not reported (2) |