Background
Methods
Telephone surveys
Data analysis
Results
Healthcare seeking behavior of adult and child respondents with ILI
Summer survey respondents | Winter survey respondents | Hong Kong populationa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | % | |
Age group (years)b | 505 | 535 | |||
18–59 | 314 | 60.8 | 353 | 65.5 | 75.4 |
> 60 | 191 | 37.8 | 182 | 33.8 | 24.6 |
Female | 302 | 58.5 | 340 | 63.1 | 54.7 |
Educationc | 512 | 533 | |||
Primary or below | 99 | 19.3 | 91 | 16.9 | 23.4 |
Secondary | 233 | 45.5 | 263 | 48.8 | 50.5 |
Tertiary or above | 180 | 35.1 | 179 | 33.2 | 26.1 |
Demographic characteristics | 2014 summer | 2015 winter | p-valuea | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reported ILI | Sought medical care | Reported ILI | Sought medical care | ||||
No. | No. | % | No. | No. | % | ||
No. | 51 | 24 | 47.1 | 73 | 41 | 56.2 | 0.318 |
Age group (years) | 0.638 | ||||||
0–5 | 11 | 5 | 45.5 | 16 | 12 | 75.0 | |
5–10 | 16 | 9 | 56.3 | 17 | 13 | 76.5 | |
10–18 | 24 | 10 | 40.0 | 39 | 15 | 39.5 | |
Sex |
0.038
| ||||||
Male | 25 | 6 | 24.0 | 38 | 21 | 55.3 | |
Female | 26 | 18 | 69.2 | 35 | 20 | 57.1 |
Comparison of medical care seeking behavior between the summer and winter epidemics
2014 Summer | 2015 Winter | p-valuea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | ||
Adults | |||||
Sought medical careb | 47 | 94 | |||
Private | |||||
A&E | 6 | 12.8 | 15 | 16.0 | 0.432 |
Western clinic | 27 | 57.4 | 66 | 70.2 | 0.087 |
TCM | 15 | 31.9 | 23 | 24.5 | 0.660 |
Hospitalization | 2 | 4.3 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.169 |
Public | |||||
A&E | 3 | 6.4 | 5 | 5.3 | 1.000 |
Western clinic | 15 | 31.9 | 17 | 18.1 | 0.197 |
TCM | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.533 |
Hospitalization | 2 | 4.3 | 2 | 2.1 | 1.000 |
Children | |||||
Sought medical care b | 24 | 41 | |||
Private | |||||
A&E | 6 | 25.0 | 10 | 24.4 | 0.752 |
Western clinic | 12 | 50.0 | 33 | 80.5 |
0.014
|
TCM | 3 | 12.5 | 7 | 17.1 | 0.523 |
Hospitalization | 4 | 16.7 | 0 | 0.0 |
0.008
|
Public | |||||
A&E | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 9.8 | 0.143 |
Western clinics | 8 | 33.3 | 2 | 4.9 |
0.016
|
TCM | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
Hospitalization | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
Symptoms and factors associated with medical consultations and self-medication
Factors | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw OR | 95 % CI | p-value | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | p-value | |||
Sex | ||||||||
Male | ref | ref | ||||||
Female | 1.49 | 0.95 | 2.35 | 0.085 | 2.49 | 1.44 | 4.32 |
0.001
|
Age group (years) | ||||||||
18–39 | ref | |||||||
40–59 | 1.46 | 0.88 | 2.41 | 0.144 | ||||
≥ 60 | 2.24 | 1.20 | 4.16 |
0.011
| ||||
Education |
0.002
| |||||||
Tertiary or above | ref | |||||||
Secondary | 0.76 | 0.44 | 1.30 | 0.312 | ||||
Primary or below | 2.20 | 1.14 | 4.23 |
0.019
| ||||
Symptoms | ||||||||
Fever | 3.22 | 1.24 | 8.40 |
0.017
| ||||
Chills | 1.01 | 0.52 | 1.97 | 0.967 | ||||
Headache | 0.91 | 0.58 | 1.43 | 0.687 | ||||
Myalgia | 0.57 | 0.34 | 0.96 |
0.033
| ||||
Cough | 1.96 | 1.23 | 3.11 |
0.004
| 2.32 | 1.34 | 4.05 |
0.003
|
Shortness of breath | 2.68 | 1.40 | 5.13 |
0.003
| 3.11 | 1.47 | 6.61 |
0.003
|
Dizziness | 1.25 | 0.77 | 2.04 | 0.363 | ||||
Runny or stuffy nose | 2.02 | 1.27 | 3.20 |
0.003
| 1.92 | 1.14 | 3.24 |
0.014
|
Sore throat | 1.52 | 0.97 | 2.39 | 0.069 | ||||
Diarrhea | 0.76 | 0.45 | 1.28 | 0.298 | ||||
Low back pain | 1.20 | 0.77 | 1.87 | 0.427 | ||||
Chronic disease | ||||||||
Cardiovascular diseases | 3.94 | 1.38 | 11.22 |
0.010
| ||||
Chronic respiratory | 2.053 | 1.01 | 4.19 |
0.048
| ||||
Liver | 0.24 | 0.06 | 1.00 |
0.050
| ||||
Diabetes | 2.23 | 0.96 | 5.13 | 0.061 | 2.51 | 1.01 | 6.22 |
0.047
|
Flu vaccination | ||||||||
2014/2015 season | 2.07 | 1.08 | 3.95 |
0.028
| ||||
Every year in the past 3 years | 2.12 | 1.06 | 4.21 |
0.033
|
Factors | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw OR | 95 % CI | p-value | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | p-value | |||
Age group (years) |
0.001
|
<0.001
| ||||||
18–39 | ref | ref | ||||||
40–59 | 1.30 | 0.79 | 2.14 | 0.311 | 1.38 | 0.80 | 2.38 | 0.279 |
> =60 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.60 |
0.001
| 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.60 |
0.002
|
Education | 0.064 | |||||||
Primary or below | ref | |||||||
Secondary | 2.14 | 1.12 | 4.07 |
0.021
| ||||
vTertiary or above | 2.00 | 0.98 | 4.10 | 0.058 | ||||
Family income (Hong Kong dollar) |
0.014
| |||||||
< 10000 | ref | |||||||
10000–20000 | 2.04 | 1.05 | 3.98 | 0.036 | ||||
20000–30000 | 2.77 | 1.34 | 5.75 |
0.006
| ||||
30000–40000 | 1.06 | 0.38 | 2.90 | 0.918 | ||||
> 40000 | 2.69 | 1.35 | 5.37 |
0.005
| ||||
Smoking habit |
0.022
|
0.019
| ||||||
Never smoker | ref | ref | ||||||
Ex-smoker | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.93 |
0.033
| 0.55 | 0.23 | 1.31 | 0.178 |
Occasional smoker | 0.31 | 0.08 | 1.32 | 0.113 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 1.30 | 0.107 |
Regular smoker | 1.70 | 0.80 | 3.63 | 0.169 | 2.65 | 1.11 | 6.34 |
0.029
|
Symptoms | ||||||||
Runny or stuffy nose | 1.59 | 0.99 | 2.56 | 0.057 | ||||
Sore throat | 1.55 | 0.97 | 2.49 | 0.068 | 1.75 | 1.04 | 2.97 |
0.036
|
Flu vaccination | ||||||||
2014/2015 season | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.65 |
0.003
|
Factors | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95 % CI | P-value | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | P-value | |||
Age group (years) | ||||||||
10–18 | ref | ref | ||||||
5–10 | 3.10 | 1.28 | 7.51 |
0.012
| 4.23 | 1.48 | 12.04 |
0.007
|
0–5 | 2.78 | 1.09 | 7.05 |
0.032
| 3.57 | 1.21 | 10.47 |
0.021
|
Sex | ||||||||
Boy | ref | ref | ||||||
Girl | 2.18 | 1.06 | 4.47 |
0.034
| 3.75 | 1.57 | 8.96 |
0.003
|
Symptoms | ||||||||
Fever | 3.46 | 1.56 | 7.67 |
0.002
| ||||
Sleepy | 0.71 | 0.21 | 2.38 | 0.578 | ||||
Sore throat | 2.63 | 1.27 | 5.44 |
0.009
| 2.43 | 1.03 | 5.70 |
0.042
|
Runny nose | 1.30 | 0.60 | 2.80 | 0.509 | ||||
Cough | 0.77 | 0.33 | 1.77 | 0.531 | ||||
Diarrhoea | 1.49 | 0.61 | 3.62 | 0.382 | ||||
Vomiting | 12.05 | 1.72 | 84.61 |
0.012
| 14.29 | 1.84 | 110.74 |
0.011
|
Dehydration | 4.66 | 0.14 | 160.05 | 0.394 |