Background
Methods
Data
Measures
Variables & definitions
|
Categories
|
Total sample (weighted)
| |
---|---|---|---|
N*
|
%
| ||
Socio-demographic variables
| |||
Age
| Total |
68705
|
100
|
Maternal age at birth of baby | <20 years | 1563 | 2.27 |
20 to 24 | 8383 | 12.20 | |
25 to 29 | 23120 | 33.65 | |
30 to 34 | 23448 | 34.13 | |
35 to 39 | 10171 | 14.80 | |
40 to 50 | 2020 | 2.94 | |
Parity
| Total |
68705
|
100
|
Past births and/or still-births | Yes | 30209 | 43.97 |
Independent Variables: Socioeconomic Position (SEP) measures
| |||
Individual SEP measures
| |||
Education
| Total |
68705
|
100
|
Highest level of maternal education | Less than high school (HS) | 4632 | 6.74 |
HS diploma | 12898 | 18.77 | |
More than HS (ref.) | 51175 | 74.49 | |
Household income (LICO)
| Total |
68705
|
100
|
At/below or above the low-income cutoff point (LICO) [40] | Below or at LICO | 13710 | 19.96 |
Above LICO (ref) | 54995 | 80.04 | |
Neighborhood-level SEP measure
| |||
Percent of households below LICO in the neighborhood
| Total |
68705
|
100.00
|
Place of residence located within a census dissemination area with a composition of 15% or more households below LICO | High SEP: <= 15% of households below or at LICO (ref) | 52118 | 75.86 |
Data source: Census 2006 all other variables are from the MES | Low SEP: >15% of households below LICO | 16587 | 24.14 |
Combined SEP measure
| |||
Two-level categorical SEP variable, Individual and neighborhood
| Total |
68705
|
100
|
Combined variable: a four-level categorical variable combining respondents’ household income with %LICO in a neighborhood | Low Individual SEP- | 6240 | 9.08 |
low neighbouhood SEP | |||
Low Individual SEP-high neighborhood SEP | 7470 | 10.87 | |
High Individual SEP-low neighborhood SEP | 10347 | 15.06 | |
High Individual SEP-High neighborhood SEP (ref) | 44648 | 64.98 |
Variables & definitions
|
Categories
ɸ
|
Total sample (weighted)*
| |
---|---|---|---|
N
|
%
| ||
A Maternal and infant health status indicators
| |||
Preterm Birth
| |||
Infant was born before 37 weeks gestation | Total |
66611
|
100.00
|
Yes | 4125 | 6.19 | |
No (ref.) | 62487 | 93.81 | |
Small for Gestational Age
| |||
Baby’s birth weight below the 10th percentile for his/her gestational age and sex | Total |
66461
|
100.00
|
Yes | 5277 | 7.94 | |
No (ref.) | 61184 | 92.06 | |
Self rated health
| Total |
68675
|
100.00
|
Mother’s rating of her overall health (postpartum) | Fair/poor | 3455 | 5.03 |
Good/very good (ref.) | 65220 | 94.97 | |
Postpartum Depression
| Total |
68160
|
100.00
|
Maternal score on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression scale | > = 13 on the EPDS | 4942 | 7.25 |
less than 13 on the EPDS (ref.) | 63219 | 92.75 | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI
| Total |
67668
|
100.00
|
(Body mass index) | Under 18.5 | 3780 | 5.59 |
Normal BMI (18.5 – 24.9) (ref.) | 40333 | 59.60 | |
Over 24.9 | 23556 | 34.81 | |
B Prenatal care
| |||
First prenatal care visit timing
| Total |
68010
|
100.00
|
14 weeks or more | 3346 | 4.92 | |
Before 14 weeks (ref.) | 64664 | 95.08 | |
Timing of ultrasound
| |||
Timing of first ultrasound during pregnancy | Total |
66833
|
100.00
|
18 weeks or more | 22443 | 33.58 | |
Before 18 weeks (ref.) | 44390 | 66.42 | |
HIV testing
| Total |
68705
|
100.00
|
HIV testing of mothers who had prenatal care visits (94.9% of mothers) | Not tested | 11010 | 16.03 |
Don’t know | 6457 | 9.40 | |
Yes had the test (ref.) | 51238 | 74.58 | |
Received enough information during pregnancy
| Total |
68688
|
100.00
|
An index based on 6 yes/no questions on information received on physical, emotional changes, warning signs, tests, and medications and medical test/procedures that may be required during pregnancy; the index was calculated by creating a count variable | None | 5144 | 7.49 |
Received Info (ref.) | 63544 | 92.51 | |
Weight gained during pregnancy (kg)
| Total |
67261
|
100.00
|
Mothers’ weight gain during pregnancy based on the Canadian Gestational Weight Gain recommendations | Below recommended range | 12585 | 18.71 |
Within recommended range (ref.) | 21871 | 32.52 | |
Above recommended range | 32805 | 48.77 | |
C Labor and delivery experiences
| |||
Type of birth
| Total |
68705
|
100.00
|
Caesarean | 18105 | 26.35 | |
Vaginal (ref.) | 50600 | 73.65 | |
Epidural for a vaginal birth (not for caesarean section)
| Total |
50533
|
100.00
|
Of respondents who underwent a vaginal birth, indicates whether respondent used an epidural or spinal anesthetic during labor/birth of the baby. | Yes | 27203 | 53.83 |
No (ref.) | 23331 | 46.17 | |
Position for vaginal birth
| Total |
50518
|
100.00
|
Which of the following best describes your position when (baby’s name) was born? 1. Lying on your side, 2. Propped up or sitting 3. Lying flat on your back, 4. Some other position. | Lying flat | 23589 | 46.69 |
Not lying flat (ref.) | 26928 | 53.31 | |
Shaving for a vaginal birth, not caesarean sections
| Total |
50301
|
100.00
|
Yes (ref.) | 7576 | 15.06 | |
No | 42725 | 84.94 | |
D Medical care during the neonatal period
| |||
Infant hospital readmission
| |||
Whether the baby has stayed at hospital overnight since he/she was born. | Total |
68659
|
100.00
|
Yes | 5161 | 7.52 | |
No (ref.) | 63498 | 92.48 | |
Infant needing non-routine neonatal care after discharge
| Total |
68667
|
100.00
|
Whether the baby had a non-routine check-up since the time of birth. | Yes | 33845 | 49.29 |
No (ref.) | 34822 | 50.71 | |
Baby admitted to NICU after birth
| Total |
68632
|
100.00
|
Indicates if baby was admitted to NICU immediately after birth. | Yes | 8703 | 12.68 |
No (ref.) | 59930 | 87.32 | |
Length of hospital stay after birth
| Vaginal Birth (Total) |
49552
|
100.00
|
More than average (3–4 days) | 12216 | 24.65 | |
2 days (ref.) | 37335 | 75.35 | |
Caesarean (Total) |
18105
|
100.00
| |
More than average (3–4 days) | 2983 | 16.47 | |
2 days (ref.) | 15122 | 83.53 | |
E Postpartum infant care and maternal reflections on the overall experience of health care
| |||
Any breastfeeding at 3 months
| Total | 68705 | 100.00 |
Whether respondent was breastfeeding at 3 months. | Stopped by 3 months | 36116 | 52.57 |
Yes (ref.) | 32589 | 47.43 | |
Any breastfeeding at 6 months
| Total | 68705 | 100.00 |
Whether respondent was breastfeeding at 6 months. | Stopped by 6 months | 40493 | 58.94 |
Yes (ref.) | 28212 | 41.06 | |
Overall experience with labor and birth “Overall, would you describe the experience of labor and birth as: 1. Very negative, 2 Somewhat negative, 3. Neither negative nor positive, 4. Somewhat positive, 5. Very positive” | Total |
68422
|
100.00
|
Neutral or dissatisfied: Categories 1–3 (very negative, somewhat negative and neither negative nor positive) | 13441 | 19.64 | |
Satisfied (ref.): Categories 4–5 (somewhat positive and very positive) | 54981 | 80.36 | |
Satisfaction with various aspects of maternity care “Think back to your entire pregnancy, labor and birth, and immediate postpartum experience, overall how satisfied or dissatisfied were you with: 1.information given, 2. respect, 3. compassion shown, 4. competency, 5.concern for privacy, 6. respondent involvement in decision making.” | Total |
68674
|
100.00
|
Neutral or dissatisfied: Categories 1–3 (very negative, somewhat negative and neither negative nor positive) | 12824 | 18.67 | |
Categories: 1. Very negative, 2 Somewhat negative, | Satisfied (ref.): categories 4–5 (somewhat positive and very positive). | 55850 | 81.33 |
3. Neither negative nor positive, 4. Somewhat positive, 5. Very positive |
Data analysis
Results
Education
a
|
Household income (LICO)
b
|
Neihgbourhood SEP
c
|
Combined SEP
d
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
A- Maternal and infant health status indicators
| ||||
1. Preterm Birth
|
+
|
NS
|
NS
| + (*) (low-high) |
2. Small for gestational Age
|
NS
|
+
|
+
| + (low-low) |
3. Self rated health
|
+
|
+
|
+
| + (low-low) |
4. Postpartum Depression
|
+
|
+
|
+
| + (low-low) |
5. Pre-pregnancy BMI (<18.5) |
+
|
+
|
+
| + (low-low) |
6. Pre-pregnancy BMI (>24.5) |
+
|
+
|
NS
| + (low-high) |
B- Prenatal care
| ||||
7. First prenatal care visit
|
+
|
+
|
+
| + (low-low) |
8. Timing of ultrasound
|
-
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
9. HIV testing (no)
|
NS
|
-
|
NS
| + (low-low) |
10. Received enough information during pregnancy
|
+
|
+
|
+
| + (low-low) |
11. Weight gained during pregnancy (kg) - (Below recommended range)
|
+
|
+ (*)
|
NS
| + (*) (low-high) |
12. Weight gained during pregnancy (kg)-more (Above recommended range)
|
+
|
+
|
NS
| + (low-high) |
C- Labor and delivery
expereinces
| ||||
13. Type of birth (caesarean)
|
NS
|
-
|
NS
| + (low-high) |
14. Epidural for a vaginal birth
|
-
|
-
|
NS
| + (low-high) |
15. Shaving for a vaginal birth
|
+
|
+
|
+
| + (low-high) |
16. Position for vaginal birth (not laying flat)
|
NS
|
+
|
+
| + (low-low) |
D- Medical care during the neonatal period
| ||||
17. Infant hospital readmission
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
18. Infant needing non-routine neonatal care after discharge?
|
-
|
-
|
-
| - (low-low) |
19. Baby admitted to NICU after birth
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
20. Length of hospital stay after caesarean birth (More than average)
|
NS
|
NS
| + | + (high-low) |
21. Length of hospital stay after vaginal birth (More than average)
| + (*) |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
E- Postpartum infant care & maternal reflections on the overall experience of health care
| ||||
22. Any breastfeeding at 3 months
|
+
|
+
|
-
| + (low-high) |
23. Any breastfeeding at 6 months
|
+
|
+
|
-
| + (low-high) |
24. Overall experience of labor and birth
|
NS
|
+
|
NS
| + (low-high) |
25. Satisfaction with previous aspects of maternity care
|
+
|
+(*)
|
NS
|
NS
|