Background
Introduction
What is the sudden infant death syndrome?
Context
Key questions
Search methods and selected manuscripts
Sources | Final selected manuscripts |
---|---|
WHO | WHO bulletin with reference to the 2011 recommendations from the AAP [9] |
USPSTF | No document identified in their website, but recommendations published through the AAP (see below) |
PrevInfad | Recommendations and supporting document [4] |
CDC | |
NICE | ‘Postnatal care up to 8 weeks after birth’ guidelines [7] |
AAP | Updated 2016 recommendations [2] Evidence base document for 2016 recommendations [10] |
Cochrane Library | Psaila 2017 (infant pacifier) [8] |
Existing recommendations
-
“Recognise that co-sleeping can be intentional or unintentional. Discuss this with parents and carers and inform them that there is an association between co- sleeping (parents or carers sleeping on a bed or sofa or chair with an infant) and SIDS.”
-
“Inform parents and carers that the association between co-sleeping (sleeping on a bed or sofa or chair with an infant) and SIDS is likely to be greater when they, or their partner, smoke.”
-
“Inform parents and carers that the association between co-sleeping (sleeping on a bed or sofa or chair with an infant) and SIDS may be greater with parental or carer recent alcohol consumption, or parental or carer drug use, or low birthweight or premature infants.”
Effective strategies to reduce SIDS | PrevInfad 2016a | AAP 2016a |
---|---|---|
Modifying behaviours and care related to the sleeping environment and nutrition | ||
Supine position for sleeping | Grade A | Grade A |
Supervised awake tummy time | Recommended but not graded | Grade B |
Firm surface for sleeping | Recommended but not graded | Grade A |
Soft objects and loose bedding away from the sleep area | Recommended but not graded | Grade A |
Avoid overheating and head covering | Grade I | Grade A |
Room-sharing with the infant on a separate sleep surface | Grade B | Grade A |
No bed-sharing if father or mother are tobacco smokers, have consumed alcohol, anxiolytic, antidepressant or hypnotic drugs and in case of extreme exhaustion. | Grade B | Recommended but not graded |
No routine use of commercial devices that are inconsistent with safe sleep recommendations. | Not reported | Grade B |
Consider offering a pacifier at naptime and bedtime | Grade B | Grade A |
Breastfeeding on demand | Grade A | Grade A |
Counselling to modify behaviours and care related to maternal factors | ||
Regular prenatal care | Grade B | Grade A |
Avoid smoke exposure during pregnancy and after birth | Grade A | Grade A |
Avoid alcohol and illicit drug use during pregnancy and after birth | Grade B | Grade A |
Infant-related factors | ||
Prematurity and low birth weight | Not graded | Not reported |
Sibling with SIDS | Not graded | Not reported |
Other strategies to modify behaviours | ||
Infants should receive immunizations following respective national immunization programme | Grade I | Grade A |
No use of cardiorespiratory monitors at home as a strategy to reduce the risk of SIDS | Grade I | Grade A |
Health care providers, staff in newborn nurseries and neonatal intensive care units, and childcare providers should endorse and model the SIDS risk-reduction recommendations from birth. | Not reported | Grade A |
Media and manufacturers should follow safe sleep guidelines in their messaging and advertising. | Not reported | Grade A |
Continue the “Safe to Sleep” campaign, focusing on ways to reduce the risk of all sleep-related infant deaths, including SIDS, suffocation, and other unintentional deaths. Paediatricians and other primary care providers should actively participate in this campaign. | Not reported | Grade A |
Continue research and surveillance on the risk factors, causes, and pathophysiologic mechanisms of SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths, with the ultimate goal of eliminating these deaths entirely. | Not reported | Grade C |
There is no evidence to recommend swaddling as a strategy to reduce the risk of SIDS. | Not reported | Grade C |
Existing evidence
Modifying behaviours and care related to the sleeping environment and nutrition
Supine position for sleeping
Supervised awake tummy time
Firm surface for sleeping
Soft objects and loose bedding away from the sleep area
Avoid overheating and head covering
Room-sharing with the infant on a separate sleep surface
Consider offering a pacifier at naptime and bedtime
Breastfeeding on demand
“Recommend breast-feeding on demand.” (Grade A recommendation) [4].
“Unless contraindicated, mothers should breastfeed exclusively or feed with expressed milk (i.e., not offer any formula or other nonhuman milk- based supplements) for 6 months, in alignment with recommendations of the AAP” (Grade A recommendation) [2].
Counselling to modify beneficial behaviours and care related to maternal factors
Regular prenatal care
Avoid smoke exposure during pregnancy and after birth
Summary of findings
-
Current evidence supports statistical associations between risk factors and SIDS, but there is globally limited evidence by controlled studies assessing the effect of the social promotion strategies to prevent SIDS through knowledge, attitude and practices, due to obvious ethical reasons.
-
A dramatic decline in SIDS incidence has been observed in many countries after the introduction of “Back to Sleep” campaigns for prevention of SIDS.
-
All infants should be placed to sleep in a safe environment including supine position, a firm surface, no soft objects and loose bedding, no head covering, no overheating, and room-sharing without bed-sharing.
-
Breastfeeding on demand and the use of pacifier during sleep time protect against SIDS and should be recommended.
-
Parents should be advised against the use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs during gestation and after birth.
-
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations updated in 2016 are the most comprehensive resume about SIDS prevention.