Background
Methods
Participants
Instruments
Ethnicity
Service encounters interview
Illness attribution scale
Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP)
Sociodemographic confounders
Statistical analysis
Sociodemographic factor | Total | White | Black | Asian |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 123 |
n = 45 |
n = 35 |
n = 43 | ||
Gender
| |||||
Female | 32 (26 %) | 9 (20 %) | 11 (31.4 %) | 12 (27.9 %) | 0.48 |
Male | 91 (74 %) | 36 (80 %) | 24 (68.6 %) | 31 (72.1 %) | |
Age (Mean, SD)
| 23.22 (5.07) | 23.13 (4.63) | 22.71 (4.69) | 23.72 (5.83) | 0.68a
|
Education
| |||||
School | 64 (52.0 %) | 22 (48.9 %) | 20 (57.1 %) | 22 (51.2 %) | 0.757 |
Higher | 59 (48.0 %) | 23 (51.1 %) | 15 (42.9 %) | 21 (48.8 %) | |
Religious affiliation
| |||||
Christianity | 44 (35.8 %) | 15 (33.3 %) | 29 (82.9 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
Other | 4 (3.3 %) | 0 (0 %) | 1 (2.9 %) | 3 (7 %) |
<0.001
|
Islam | 38 (30.9 %) | 1 (2.2 %) | 1 (2.9 %) | 36 (83.7 %) | |
None | 37 (30.1 %) | 29 (64.4 %) | 4 (11.4 %) | 4 (9.3 %) | |
Religious practice
| |||||
No | 65(52.8 %) | 38 (84.4 %) | 16 (45.7 %) | 11 (25.6 %) |
<0.001
|
Yes | 58(47.2 %) | 7 (15.6 %) | 19 (54.3 %) | 32 (74.4 %) | |
Birth place
| |||||
UK | 100 (81.3 %) | 44 (97.8 %) | 23 (65.7 %) | 33 (76.7 %) |
<0.01
|
Non UK | 23 (18.7 %) | 1 (2.2 %) | 12 (34.3 %) | 10 (23.3 %) | |
Migrant generation
| |||||
1st Generation | 27 (22 %) | 1 (2.2 %) | 13 (37.1 %) | 13 (30.2 %) | |
2nd Generation | 32 (26 %) | 0 (0 %) | 8 (22.9 %) | 24 (55.8 %) |
<0.001
|
3rd Generation | 21 (17.1 %) | 1 (2.2 %) | 14 (40 %) | 6 (14 %) | |
Not applicable | 43 (35 %) | 43 (95.6 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
Marital status
| |||||
Married/cohabiting | 13 (10.6 %) | 3 (6.7 %) | 1 (2.9 %) | 9 (20.9 %) |
0.02
|
Single | 110 (89.4 %) | 42 (93.3 %) | 34 (97.1 %) | 34 (79.1 %) | |
Living status
| |||||
Alone | 29 (23.6 %) | 8 (17.8 %) | 17 (48.6 %) | 4 (9.3 %) |
<0.001
|
With others | 94 (76.4 %) | 37 (82.2 %) | 18 (51.4 %) | 39 (90.7 %) | |
DUP
| |||||
≤ 6 months | 48 (39.4 %) | 19 (42.2 %) | 13 (37.1 %) | 16 (37.2 %) | 0.859 |
> 6 months | 75 (61.0 %) | 26 (57.8 %) | 22 (62.9 %) | 27 (62.8 %) | |
Diagnosis
| |||||
Depressive psychosis | 30 (25.6 %) | 14 (36.2 %) | 7 (20.6 %) | 9 (22.5 %) | |
Broad schizophrenia | 84 (71.8 %) | 27 (62.8 %) | 27 (79.4 %) | 30 (75 %) | 0.446 |
Manic psychosis | 3 (2.6 %) | 2 (4.7 %) | 0 (0 %) | 1 (2.5 %) |
Illness attribution | White | Black | Asian |
P value | Odds ratio (95 % CI)c
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual | 14.07%a
| 10.71 % | 13.57 % | 0.572b
| White vs Asian | 0.94 (0,35, 2.50) |
White vs Black | 0.64 (0.21, 1.94) | |||||
Black vs Asian | 1.47 (0.47, 4.53) | |||||
Natural | 4. 89 % | 8.10 | 4.26 % | 0.443b
| White vs Asian | 1.05 (0.20, 5.51) |
White vs Black | 2.33 (0.52, 10.52) | |||||
Black vs Asian | 0.45 (0.10, 2.03) | |||||
Social | 6.48 % | 5.95 % | 2.33 % | 0.373b
| White vs Asian | 0.32 (0.06, 1.67) |
White vs Black | 0.84 (0.22, 3.24) | |||||
Black vs Asian | 0.38 (0.07, 2.20) | |||||
Supernatural | 7.0 % | 11.9 % | 34.11 % |
0.001
b
| White vs Asian |
4.02 (1.52, 10.62)
|
White vs Black | 1.16 (0.38, 3.57) | |||||
Black vs Asian |
3.48 (1.25, 9.67)
| |||||
No attribution | 54.22 % | 54.76 % | 29.46 % |
0.009
b
| White vs Asian |
0.33 (0.14, 0.78)
|
White vs Black | 0.99 (0.38, 2.56) | |||||
Black vs Asian |
0.33 (0.13, 0.84)
|
Service encounters | Total | White | Black | Asian |
P value | Odds ratio (95 % CI)c
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental health services | 40.73 % | 40.90 % | 41.95 % | 39.56 % | 0.831a
| N/A | N/A |
Emergency services/general | 19.99 % | 22.61 % | 19.17 % | 17.93 % | 0.465b
| White vs. Asian | 0.38 (0.14, 1.00)
d
|
Practitioner | White vs. Black | 1.56 (0.64, 3.81) | |||||
Asian vs. Black |
4.13 (1.50, 11.40)
| ||||||
Welfare services | 3.64 % | 3.16 % | 5.38 % | 2.74 % | 0.257b
| White vs. Asian | 0.71 (0.21, 2.45) |
White vs. Black | 1.88 (0.62, 5.68) | ||||||
Asian vs. Black | 2.63 (0.79, 8.75) | ||||||
Faith based services | 3.51 % | 0 % | 3.27 % | 7.39 % |
<0.001
b
| White vs. Asian |
34.83 (4.39, 279.46)
e
|
White vs. Black |
13.04 (1.54, 110.07)
| ||||||
Asian vs. Black | 0.37 (0.14, 1.01) | ||||||
Criminal justice | 6.34 % | 4.46 % | 8.36 % | 6.66 % | 0.121b
| White vs. Asian | 1.49 (0.59, 3.79) |
White vs. Black |
2.60 (1.01, 6.74)
| ||||||
Asian vs. Black | 1.74 (0.69, 4.38) | ||||||
Compulsory detention | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | White vs. Asian | 1.52 (0.58, 3.95) |
White vs. Black |
4.67 (1.77, 12.32)
| ||||||
Asian vs. Black |
3.08 (1.21, 7.83)
|
Ethnicity | Compulsory detention | Criminal justice contact | Faith based a
| Emergency services | General practitioner | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio |
p
| Odds ratio |
p
| Odds ratio |
p
| Odds ratio |
p
| Odds ratio |
p
| |
W vs B |
4.46 (1.40, 14.18)
b
|
0.011
| 2.87 (0.89, 9.32)b
| 0.079 |
18.80 (1.93, 183.28)
b
|
0.012
| 1.64 (0.55, 4.88)b
| 0.375 | 0.64 (0.20, 2.04) | 0.453 |
4.56 (1.40, 14.85)
c
|
0.012
| 3.06 (0.90, 10.42)c
| 0.074 |
14.00 (1.30, 151.11)
c
|
0.030
| 1.64 (0.52, 5.20)c
| 0.401 | 0.57 (0.17, 1.86) | 0.351 | |
W vs A | 2.22 (0.70, 7.09)b
| 0.177 | 2.18 (0.67, 7.03)b
| 0.194 |
30.41 (3.41, 270.98)
b
|
0.002
| 0.31 (0.10, 1.02)b
| 0.054 | 0.70 (0.23, 2.15) | 0.531 |
2.79 (0.80, 9.73)c
| 0.107 | 3.21 (0.88, 11.67)c
| 0.076 |
13.29 (1.26, 140.47)
c
|
0.031
| 0.37 (0.10, 1.38)c
| 0.138 | 0.67 (0.20, 2.27) | 0.518 | |
A vs B | 2.01 (0.69, 5.81)b
| 0.200a
| 1.32 (0.43, 4.02)b
| 0.625 | 0.62 (0.19, 1.97)b
| 0.416 |
5.25 (1.61, 17.15)
b
|
0.006
| 0.92 (0.30, 2.80) | 0.885 |
1.63 (0.53, 5.04)c
| 0.393 | 0.95 (0.29, 3.16)c
| 0.936 | 1.05 (0.26, 4.30)c
| 0.942 |
4.41 (1.25, 15.62)
c
|
0.021
| 0.85 (0.26, 2.83) | 0.793 |