Background
Methods
Participants
Variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptive characteristics
Variables | Chile | Brazil | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
(N = 1301) | (N = 446) | (N = 855) | (N = 2052) | (N = 826) | (N = 1226) | |
Physical health
| ||||||
Chronic Diseases
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
≥ 2 | 654 (53) | 171 (41.2) | 483 (58.8) | 1099 (53.6) | 368 (44.6) | 731 (59.6) |
1 | 452 (36.6) | 182 (44) | 270 (32.9) | 626 (30.5) | 274 (33.2) | 352 (28.7) |
0 | 129 (10.5) | 61 (14.7) | 68 (8.3) | 327 (15.9) | 184 (22.3) | 143 (11.7) |
ADL Limitation
| ||||||
Yes | 251 (19.3) | 45 (10.1) | 206 (24.1) | 160 (7.8) | 98 (8.0) | 62 (7.5) |
No | 1044 (80.3) | 398 (89.2) | 646 (75.6) | 1892 (92.2) | 764 (92.5) | 1128 (92.0) |
IADL Limitation
| ||||||
Yes | 374 (28.9) | 78 (17.6) | 296 (34.7) | 600 (29.2) | 196 (23.7) | 404 (33.0) |
No | 922 (71.1) | 365 (82.4) | 557 (65.3) | 1452 (70.8) | 633 (76.3) | 822 (67.0) |
Cognitive Impairment
| ||||||
Yes | 118 (9.1) | 30 (6.7) | 88 (10.3) | 264 (12.9) | 98 (11.9) | 166 (13.5) |
No | 1183 (90.9) | 416 (93.3) | 767 (89.7) | 1788 (87.1) | 728 (88.1) | 1060 (86.5) |
Social structure
| ||||||
Age
| ||||||
<75 years old | 858 (65.9) | 322 (72.2) | 536 (62.7) | 1427 (69.5) | 585 (70.8) | 842 (68.7) |
≥75 years old | 443 (34.1) | 124 (27.8) | 319 (37.3) | 579 (28.2) | 241 (29.2) | 339 (27.7) |
Marital Status
| ||||||
Married | 451 (34.7) | 234 (52.5) | 217 (25.4) | 1084 (52.9) | 615 (74.5) | 469 (38.3) |
Separate | 249 (19.1) | 86 (19.3) | 163 (19.1) | 154 (7.5) | 59 (7.1) | 95 (7.8) |
Widower | 397 (46.4) | 107 (24) | 504 (38.7) | 612 (29.9) | 93 (11.3) | 519 (42.4) |
Single | 95 (7.3) | 18 (4) | 77 (9) | 199 (9.7) | 59 (7.1) | 140 (11.4) |
Years of Education
| ||||||
0 | 222 (17.1) | 54 (12.1) | 168 (19.7) | 579 (28.2) | 240 (29.1) | 339 (27.7) |
1–4 | 339 (26.1) | 111 (24.9) | 228 (26.7) | 1282 (62.5) | 500 (60.5) | 782 (63.8) |
5–7 | 365 (28.1) | 133 (29.8) | 232 (27.1) | 130 (6.3) | 63 (7.6) | 67 (5.5) |
>8 | 375 (28.8) | 148 (33.1) | 227 (26.6) | 61 (3.0) | 23 (2.8) | 38 (3.1) |
Income
| ||||||
1° tertile | 361 (30.7) | 91 (21.5) | 270 (35.9) | 1357 (66.1) | 480 (58.1) | 877 (71.5) |
2° tertile | 384 (32.7) | 125(29.6) | 259 (34.4) | 505 (24.6) | 246 (29.8) | 259 (21.1) |
3° tertile | 430 (36.6) | 207 (48.9) | 223(29.7) | 190 (9.3) | 100 (12.1) | 90 (7.3) |
Retired
| ||||||
Yes | 397 (33.5) | 160 (36) | 237 (31.9) | 1518 (74.0) | 699 (84.6) | 819 (66.8) |
No | 790 (66.5) | 285 (64) | 505 (68.1) | 534 (26.0) | 27 (15.4) | 407 (33.2) |
Household Arrangement
| ||||||
Living with spouse | 284 (21.8) | 94 (21.1) | 149 (16.3) | 1065 (53.0) | 616 (75.5) | 449 (37.6) |
Mixed arrangements | 851 (65.4) | 307 (68.8) | 544(63.6) | 668 (33.2) | 121 (14.8) | 547 (45.8) |
Living alone | 166 (12.8) | 45 (10.1) | 121 (14.2) | 277 (13.8) | 79 (9.7) | 198 (16.6) |
Healthcare
| ||||||
Public | 1089 (83.7) | 359 (80.5) | 730 (85.4) | 1153 (56.2) | 477 (57.7) | 676 (55.1) |
Others | 63 (4.8) | 25 (5.6) | 38 (4.4) | 899 (43.8) | 349 (42.3) | 550 (44.9) |
Behavioural/attitudinal
| ||||||
Currently Smoking
| ||||||
Yes | 158 (12.2) | 78 (17.6) | 80 (6.7) | 225 (11.0) | 143 (17.3) | 82 (6.7) |
No | 1139 (87.8) | 365 (82.4) | 774 (90.6) | 1827 (89.0) | 683 (82.7) | 1144 (93.3) |
Drinking
| ||||||
Yes | 92 (7.1) | 65 (14.6) | 27 (3.2) | 383 (18.7) | 171 (17.4) | 212 (19.8) |
No | 1206 (92.9) | 379 (85.4) | 827 (96.8) | 1669 (81.3) | 569 (68.9) | 1100 (89.7) |
Physical Activity
| ||||||
Yes | 270 (20.8) | 121 (27.2) | 149 (17.5) | 545 (26.6) | 216 (26.2) | 329 (26.8) |
No | 1028 (79.2) | 324 (72.8) | 704 (82.5) | 1507 (73.4) | 610 (73.8) | 897 (73.2) |
Psychosocial
| ||||||
Symptoms of Depression
| ||||||
Yes | 854 (26.3) | 92 (22.7) | 213 (28.3) | 619 (30.2) | 197 (23.8) | 422 (34.4) |
No | 854 (73.7) | 314 (77.3) | 540 (71.7) | 1433 (69.8) | 785 (95.0) | 804 (65.6) |
Social Participation
| ||||||
Yes | 408 (31.5) | 108 (24.3) | 300 (35.2) | 157 (7.7) | 41 (5.0) | 116 (9.5) |
No | 889 (68.5) | 336 (75.7) | 553 (64.8) | 1895 (92.3) | 900 (91.6) | 1110 (90.5) |
Results of bivariate analysis
Variables | Self-related health Chile (N = 1300) | Self-related health Brazil (N = 2052) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor | Good | p | Poor | Good | p | |
(N = 839) | (N = 461) | (N = 982) | (N = 1070) | |||
Physical health
| ||||||
Chronic Diseases
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
| ||
≥2 | 488 (61.3) | 165 (37.7) | <0.001 | 670 (68.2) | 429 (40.1) | <0.001 |
1 | 247 (31) | 205 (46.8) | 231 (23.5) | 395 (36.9) | ||
0 | 61 (7.7) | 68 (15.5) | 81 (8.2) | 246 (23.0) | ||
ADL Limitation
| ||||||
Yes | 74 (11.5) | 33 (7.2) | <0.001 | 113 (11.5) | 47 (4.4) | <0.001 |
No | 618 (88.5) | 426 (92.8) | 869 (88.5) | 1023 (95.6) | ||
IADL Limitation
| ||||||
Yes | 605 (36.4) | 68 (14.9) | <0.001 | 349 (35.5) | 251 (23.5) | <0.001 |
No | 533 (63.6) | 389 (85.1) | 633 (64.5) | 819 (76.5) | ||
Cognitive Impairment
| ||||||
Yes | 91 (10.9) | 26 (5.6) | 0.002 | 149 (15.2) | 115 (10.7) | 0.003 |
No | 748 (89.1) | 435 (94.4) | 833 (84.8) | 955 (89.3) | ||
Social structure
| ||||||
Age
| ||||||
<75 years old | 545 (65.0) | 313 (67.9) | 0.285 | 669 (68.1) | 758 (70.8) | 0.195 |
≥75 years old | 294 (35.0) | 148 (32.1) | 313 (31.9) | 312 (29.2) | ||
Sex
| ||||||
Masculine | 258 (30.8) | 188 (40.8) | <0.001 | 347 (35.3) | 479 (44.8) | <0.001 |
Feminine | 581 (69.2) | 273 (59.2) | 635 (64.7) | 591 (55.2) | ||
Marital Status
| ||||||
Married | 282 (33.6) | 169 (36.8) | 0.439 | 487 (49.7) | 597 (55.8) | 0.004 |
Separate | 156 (18.6) | 92 (20) | 66 (6.7) | 88 (8.2) | ||
Widower | 336 (40.1) | 168 (36.6) | 327 (33.4) | 285 (26.7) | ||
Single | 65 (7.8) | 30 (6.5) | 100 (10.2) | 99 (9.3) | ||
Years of Education
| ||||||
0 | 164 (19.6) | 58 (12.6) | <0.001 | 295 (30.0) | 284 (26.5) | <0.001 |
1-4 | 231 (27.5) | 107 (23.2) | 626 (63.7) | 656 (61.3) | ||
5-7 | 243 (29) | 122 (26.5) | 44 (4.5) | 86 (8.0) | ||
>8 | 201 (24) | 174 (37.7) | 17 (1.7) | 44 (4.1) | ||
Income
| ||||||
1° tertile | 265 (35) | 96 (23) | <0.001 | 697 (71.0) | 660 (61.7) | <0.001 |
2° tertile | 250 (33) | 133 (32) | 219 (22.3) | 286 (26.7) | ||
3° tertile | 243 (32) | 187 (45) | 66 (6.7) | 124 (11.6) | ||
Retired
| ||||||
Yes | 269 (35.4) | 128 (30.0) | <0.001 | 722 (73.5) | 796 (74.4) | 0.687 |
No | 490 (64.6) | 299 (70.0) | 260 (26.5) | 274 (25.6) | ||
Household Arrangement
| ||||||
Living with spouse | 184 (21.9) | 99 (21.5) | 0.654 | 479 (49.5) | 586 (56.2) | 0.010 |
Mixed arrangements | 543 (64.7) | 308 (66.8) | 345 (35.6) | 323 (31.0) | ||
Living alone | 112 (13.4) | 54 (11.7) | 144 (14.9) | 133 (12.8) | ||
Healthcare
| ||||||
Public | 719 (59.4) | 369 (53.3) | <0.001 | 583 (59.4) | 570 (53.3) | 0.003 |
Others | 28 (3.3) | 35 (7.6) | 399 (40.6) | 500 (46.7) | ||
Behavioural/attitudinal
| ||||||
Currently Smoking
| ||||||
Yes | 94 (11.2) | 64 (13.9) | 0.153 | 116 (11.8) | 109 (10.2) | 0.258 |
No | 743 (88.8) | 395 (86.1) | 866 (88.2) | 961 (89.8) | ||
Drinking
| ||||||
Yes | 46 (5.5) | 46 (10.0) | 0.002 | 171 (17.4) | 212 (19.8) | 0.174 |
No | 793 (94.5) | 412 (90.0) | 811 (82.6) | 858 (80.2) | ||
Physical Activity
| ||||||
Yes | 150 (17.9) | 120 (26.1) | <0.001 | 208 (21.2) | 337 (31.5) | <0.001 |
No | 688 (82.1) | 339 (73.9) | 774 (78.8) | 733 (68.5) | ||
Psychosocial
| ||||||
Symptoms of Depression
| ||||||
Yes | 207 (28.2) | 98 (23.1) | 0.055 | 430 (43.8) | 189 (17.7) | <0.001 |
No | 527 (71.8) | 327 (76.9) | 552 (56.2) | 881 (82.3) | ||
Social Participation
| ||||||
Yes | 248 (29.7) | 160 (34.8) | 0.058 | 82 (8.4) | 75 (7.0) | 0.280 |
No | 588 (66.2) | 300 (65.2) | 900 (91.6) | 995 (93.0) |
Hierarchical model of predictors of SRH
Gender analysis
Chilea | Brazilb | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Chronic Diseases
| ||||||||
0 | 3.3** | 1.9-5.7 | 4.4** | 2.2-8.9 | 4.4** | 2.9-6.8 | 3.9** | 2.6-6.0 |
1 | 2.9* | 1.3-6.0 | 2.1** | 1.4-3.2 | 2.6** | 1.8-3.6 | 2.2** | 1.7-2.9 |
≥2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
ADL Limitation
| ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 0.2-5.4 | 2.5* | 1.1-5.5 | 1.1 | 0.6-2.0 | 2.5* | 1.4-5.0 |
Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
IADL Limitation
| ||||||||
No | 3.0* | 1.0-9.0 | 1.2 | 0.7-2.4 | 1.5* | 1.1-2.2 | 1.0 | 0.8-1.4 |
Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Physical Activity
| ||||||||
No | 0.7 | 0.4-1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.2 | 0.7* | 0.5-1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.1 |
Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Depression
| ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 0.6-1.7 | 1.5 | 0.9-2.3 | 2.8** | 2.0-4.1 | 3.1** | 2.4-4.1 |
Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |