Background
Methods
Study population, setting and design
Study protocol
Study definitions
Characteristics and behaviors | HIV risk | ||
---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | |
Number of different sexual partners within 30 days | |||
0–1 | √ | ||
2–3 | √ | ||
> 3 | √ | ||
Number of new sexual partners within 30 days | |||
0–1 | √ | ||
2–3 | √ | ||
> 3 | √ | ||
Using condom with vaginal sex | |||
Always | √ | ||
Most of the time | √ | ||
About a half of time | √ | ||
Sometimes | √ | ||
Never | √ | ||
Using condom with oral sex | |||
Always | √ | ||
Most of the time | √ | ||
About a half of time | √ | ||
Sometimes | √ | ||
Never | √ | ||
Using condom with anal sex | |||
Always | √ | ||
Most of the time | √ | ||
About a half of time | √ | ||
Sometimes | √ | ||
Never | √ | ||
Exchanging sex for money or drugs | |||
No | √ | ||
Yes | √ | ||
Ever injected drug with needles | |||
No | √ | ||
Yes | √ | ||
Ever shared needle to inject drugs | |||
Never | √ | ||
Sometimes | √ | ||
About a half of time | √ | ||
Most of the time | √ | ||
Always | √ | ||
History of STIs within the past year | |||
No | √ | ||
Yes | √ | ||
Sexual partner had STIs within the past year | |||
No | √ | ||
Yes | √ | ||
Sexual partner had exchanged sex for money or drugs within 30 days | |||
No | √ | ||
Yes | √ | ||
Sexual partner had used drug within 30 days | |||
No | √ | ||
Yes | √ |
HIV testing result notification
Data analyses
Results
Characteristics of the study participants and HIV transmission knowledge
Characteristics | All (N = 1801) | Accepted HTC (N = 494) | Declined HTC (N = 1307) |
P
a
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Sex |
<0.001
| |||
Male | 862 (48) | 277 (56) | 585 (45) | |
Female | 922 (51) | 215 (44) | 707 (54) | |
Transgender | 17 (1) | 2 (0.4) | 15 (1) | |
Age (years, mean, range) | 20.12 (17–35) | 20.48 (17–38) | 19.98 (17–27) |
<0.001
|
Faculty | ||||
Health Scienceb | 426 (24) | 145 (29) | 281 (22) |
<0.001
|
Sciencec | 603 (34) | 168 (34) | 435 (33) | |
Social Scienced | 772 (43) | 181 (37) | 591 (45) | |
Monthly household income ($US, mean, range) | 2368 (30–90,909) | 2416 (121–90,909) | 2350 (30–30,000) | 0.71 |
HIV transmission knowledge | ||||
HIV transmission knowledge scoree (mean, range) | 10.64 (4–12) | 10.91 (6–12) | 10.54 (4–12) |
<0.001
|
Answer for the following statements AIDS is caused by a virus |
0.03
| |||
True | 1752 (97) | 487 (99) | 1265 (97) | |
False | 49 (3) | 7 (1) | 42 (3) | |
You can get HIV from sexual contact with an HIV-infected individual |
0.04
| |||
True | 1763 (98) | 489 (99) | 1274 (98) | |
False | 38 (2) | 5 (1) | 33 (2) | |
Mosquitoes can transmit HIV |
<0.001
| |||
True | 323 (18) | 53 (11) | 270 (21) | |
False | 1448 (82) | 441 (89) | 1037 (79) | |
Condom use can prevent HIV infection |
0.001
| |||
True | 1703 (95) | 481 (97) | 1222 (94) | |
False | 98 (5) | 13 (3) | 85 (6) | |
You can get HIV from having meal with an HIV-infected individual |
0.001
| |||
True | 253 (14) | 48 (10) | 205 (16) | |
False | 1548 (86) | 446 (90) | 1102 (84) | |
HIV-infected individuals may not have symptoms for several years |
0.04
| |||
True | 1721 (96) | 480 (97) | 1241 (95) | |
False | 80 (4) | 14 (3) | 66 (5) | |
Asymptomatic HIV-infected individual can transmit HIV to other people |
0.006
| |||
True | 1722 (96) | 483 (98) | 1239 (95) | |
False | 79 (4) | 11 (2) | 68 (5) | |
Persons who look clean and healthy can already be infected with HIV | 0.06 | |||
True | 1741 (97) | 484 (98) | 1257 (96) | |
False | 60 (3) | 10 (2) | 50 (4) | |
One can know his/her HIV infection status by getting HIV blood test |
0.002
| |||
True | 1562 (87) | 448 (91) | 1114 (85) | |
False | 239 (13) | 46 (9) | 193 (15) | |
There is currently a vaccine that can prevent HIV infection |
0.005
| |||
True | 413 (23) | 91 (18) | 322 (25) | |
False | 1388 (77) | 403 (82) | 985 (75) | |
Anti-HIV drugs can increase lifespan of the infected individuals |
<0.001
| |||
True | 1507 (84) | 444 (90) | 1063 (81) | |
False | 294 (16) | 50 (10) | 244 (19) | |
Having multiple sexual partners increases risk for getting HIV |
<0.001
| |||
True | 1285 (71) | 370 (75) | 810 (62) | |
False | 516 (29) | 188 (25) | 497 (38) |
Reasons and characteristics associated with declining HTC
Characteristics and HIV risks among participants undergoing HTC
Characteristics | Health Sciencea (N = 145) | Scienceb (N = 168) | Social Sciencec (N = 181) |
P
d
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Sex | 0.06 | |||
Male | 74 (51) | 107 (64) | 96 (53) | |
Female | 71 (49) | 61 (36) | 83 (46) | |
Transgender | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | |
Age (years, median, range) | 21 (18–35) | 20 (17–28) | 20 (18–26) |
<0.001
|
Monthly household income ($US, median, range) | 1515 (242–15,151) | 1515 (152–90,909) | 1818 (121–15,151) | 0.19 |
HIV transmission knowledge scoree (median, range) | 12 (9–12) | 11 (6–12) | 11 (8–12) |
<0.001
|
HIV risk charactertistics | ||||
Prior HIV test | 20 (14) | 9 (5) | 19 (11) |
0.04
|
Number of prior HIV test (median, range) Ever had sexual intercourse | 1 (1–6) 48 (33) | 1 (1–2) 74 (44) | 1 (1–3) 80 (44) | 0.21 0.08 |
Sexual orientation |
0.006
| |||
Heterosexual | 121 (83) | 154 (92) | 141 (78) | |
Homosexual | 22 (15) | 11 (7) | 32 (18) | |
Bisexual | 2 (1) | 3 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Number of different sexual partner within the past 3 months (median, range) | 1 (0–7) | 1 (0–10) | 1 (0–14) | 0.49 |
Number of new sexual partner within the past 3 months (median, range) | 0 (0–7) | 0 (0–8) | 0 (0–11) | 0.09 |
Using condom with vaginal sex consistentlyf | 15/31 (48) | 21/66 (32) | 22/50 (44) | 0.21 |
Using condom with anal sex consistentlyf | 10/24 (42) | 7/21 (33) | 14/45 (31) | 0.68 |
Using condom with oral sex consistentlyf | 6/29 (21) | 4/30 (13) | 9/45 (20) | 0.71 |
Time since last unprotected sex (months, median, range) | 4 (1–48) | 1 (1–72) | 3 (1–72) | 0.37 |
Ever injected drug with needle | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 0.07 |
Ever had tattoo or piercing | 54 (37) | 57 (34) | 73 (40) | 0.47 |
Ever exchanged sex for money or drugs | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
Having STIs within the past year |
0.03
| |||
Yes | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | |
Not sure | 6 (4) | 18 (11) | 4 (2) | |
Sexual partner had STIs within the past year | 0.24 | |||
Yes | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Not sure | 9 (6) | 21 (13) | 15 (8) | |
Sexual partner exchanged sex for money or drugs within the past 30 months | 0.73 | |||
Yes | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | |
Not sure | 6 (4) | 14 (8) | 10 (6) | |
Sexual partner injected drug with needle within the past 3 months | 0.23 | |||
Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Not sure | 5 (3) | 14 (8) | 8 (4) | |
Self-perception of HIV risk |
0.002
| |||
No to low risk | 84 (58) | 124 (74) | 134 (74) | |
Moderate to high risk | 61 (42) | 44 (26) | 47 (26) | |
Actual HIV risk |
0.03
| |||
No to low risk | 116 (80) | 115 (69) | 122 (67) | |
Moderate to high risk | 29 (20) | 53 (31) | 59 (33) | |
False perception of low HIV risk | 8 (6) | 17 (10) | 20 (11) | 0.19 |
HIV risk perception and characteristics associated with false perception of low HIV risk
Characteristics | All (N = 141) | False perception of low risk (N = 45) | Correct perception of risk (N = 96) |
P
a
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | 0.20 | |||
Sex | 100 (71) | 28 (62) | 72 (75) | |
Male | 40 (28) | 17 (38) | 23 (24) | |
Female | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | |
Transgender | ||||
Age (years, median, range) | 21 (18–31) | 21 (18–25) | 21 (18–31) | 0.78 |
Faculty | 0.26 | |||
Health Scienceb | 29 (21) | 8 (18) | 21 (22) | |
Sciencec | 53 (38) | 17 (38) | 36 (38) | |
Social Scienced | 59 (42) | 20 (44) | 39 (41) | |
Monthly household income ($US, median, range) | 1515 (121–90,909) | 1515 (242–15,151) | 1515 (121–90,909) | 0.26 |
HIV transmission knowledge scoree (median, range) | 11 (7–12) | 11 (8–12) | 11 (7–12) | 0.82 |
HIV risk charactertistics | ||||
Prior HIV test | 23 (16) | 4 (9) | 19 (20) | 0.14 |
Number of prior HIV test (median, range) | 1 (1–6) | 1 (1–6) | 1 (1–6) | 0.80 |
Ever had sexual intercourse | 141 (100) | 45 (100) | 96 (100) | 1.00 |
Sexual orientation |
0.03
| |||
Heterosexual | 86 (61) | 33 (73) | 53 (55) | |
Homosexual | 46 (33) | 8 (18) | 38 (40) | |
Bisexual | 9 (6) | 4 (9) | 5 (5) | |
Number of different sexual partner within the past 3 months (median, range) | 1 (0–14) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–14) | 0.39 |
Number of new sexual partner within the past 3 months (median, range) | 0 (0–11) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–11) | 0.63 |
Using condom with vaginal sex consistentlyf | 30/97 (31) | 13/37 (35) | 17/60 (28) | 0.48 |
Using condom with anal sex consistentlyf | 17/71 (24) | 6/17 (35) | 11/54 (20) | 0.21 |
Using condom with oral sex consistentlyf | 10/91 (11) | 3/23 (13) | 7/68 (10) | 0.72 |
Time since last unprotected sex (months, median, range) | 2 (1–72) | 3 (1–48) | 1 (1–72) | 0.38 |
Ever injected drug with needle | 2 (1) | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.54 |
Ever had tattoo or piercing | 54 (38) | 15 (33) | 39 (41) | 0.41 |
Ever exchanged sex for money or drugs | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
Having STIs within the past year | 0.34 | |||
Yes | 3 (2) | 2 (4) | 1 (1) | |
Not sure | 28 (20) | 10 (22) | 18 (19) | |
Sexual partner had STIs within the past year | 0.36 | |||
Yes | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | |
Not sure | 45 (32) | 11 (24) | 34 (35) | |
Sexual partner exchanged sex for money or drugs within the past 30 months | 0.71 | |||
Yes | 2 (1) | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | |
Not sure | 30 (21) | 8 (18) | 22 (23) | |
Sexual partner injected drug with needle within the past 3 months | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Not sure | 27 (19) | 8 (18) | 19 (20) |
Characteristics associated with HIV infection
Characteristics | All (N = 494) | HIV-positive (N = 4) | HIV-negative (N = 490) |
P
a
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Sex | 0.21 | |||
Male | 277 (56) | 4 (0) | 273 (56) | |
Female | 215 (44) | 0 (0) | 215 (44) | |
Transgender | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | |
Age (years, median, range) | 20 (17–35) | 21 (19–22) | 20 (17–35) | 0.84 |
Faculty | 0.24 | |||
Health Scienceb | 145 (29) | 0 (0) | 145 (30) | |
Sciencec | 168 (34) | 1 (25) | 167 (34) | |
Social Scienced | 181 (37) | 3 (75) | 178 (36) | |
Monthly household income ($US, median, range) | 1515 (121–90,909) | 1712 (1515–2970) | 1515 (121–90,909) | 0.53 |
HIV transmission knowledge scoree (median, range) | 11 (6–12) | 11 (10–11) | 11 (6–12) | 0.75 |
HIV risk charactertistics | ||||
Prior HIV test | 48 (10) | 1 (25) | 47 (10) | 0.34 |
Number of prior HIV test (median, range) | 1 (1–6) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (1–6) | 0.53 |
Ever had sexual intercourse | 202 (41) | 3 (75) | 199 (41) | 0.31 |
Sexual orientation |
0.001
| |||
Heterosexual | 416 (84) | 1 (25) | 415 (85) | |
Homosexual | 65 (13) | 3 (75) | 62 (13) | |
Bisexual | 13 (3) | 0 (0) | 13 (3) | |
Number of different sexual partner within the past 3 months (median, range) | 1 (0–14) | 2 (1–14) | 1 (0–10) |
0.04
|
Number of new sexual partner within the past 3 months (median, range) | 0 (0–11) | 1 (0–11) | 0 (0–8) | 0.14 |
Using condom with vaginal sex consistentlyf | 58/147 (40) | – | 58/147 (40) | – |
Using condom with anal sex consistentlyf | 31/90 (34) | 1/3 (33) | 30/87 (35) | 0.97 |
Using condom with oral sex consistentlyf | 19/104 (18) | 0/2 (0) | 19/102 (19) | 0.50 |
Time since last unprotected sex (months, median, range) | 2 (1–72) | 3 (1–24) | 2 (1–72) | 0.74 |
Ever injected drug with needle | 3 (0.6) | 1 (25) | 2 (0.4) |
<0.001
|
Ever had tattoo or piercing | 184 (37) | 1 (25) | 183 (37) | 1.00 |
Having STIs within the past year | 0.80 | |||
Yes | 3 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.6) | |
Not sure | 28 (6) | 0 (0) | 28 (6) | |
Sexual partner had STIs within the past year | 0.64 | |||
Yes | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | |
Not sure | 45 (9) | 0 (0) | 45 (9) | |
Sexual partner exchanged sex for money or drugs within the past 30 months | 0.75 | |||
Yes | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | |
Not sure | 30 (6) | 0 (0) | 30 (6) | |
Sexual partner injected drug with needle within the past 3 months | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Not sure | 27 (6) | 0 (0) | 27 (6) | |
Self-perception of HIV risk | 0.09 | |||
No to low risk | 342 (69) | 1 (25) | 341 (70) | |
Moderate to high risk | 152 (31) | 3 (75) | 149 (30) | |
Actual HIV risk |
0.006
| |||
No to low risk | 353 (72) | 0 (0) | 353 (79) | |
Moderate to high risk | 141 (29) | 4 (100) | 137 (18) | |
False perception of low HIV risk | 45 (9) | 1 (25) | 44 (9) | 0.32 |
Able to be contacted for HIV test result | 484 (98) | 4 (100) | 480 (98) | 1.00 |
Time to inform HIV test result (days, median, range) | 8 (2–44) | 8 (3–13) | 8 (2–44) | 0.71 |