Background
Methods
Design and setting
Study sample
Study instruments
Self-administered questionnaire
Anthropometric measurements
Data analysis
Results
Variables | N (valid percent) | BMI Mean (SD) | P Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age category (n = 317) | |||
18–25 | 67 (21.1) | 24.4 (4.85) | P < .001 |
26–35 | 176 (55.5) | 26.7 (5.9) | |
36–45 | 45 (14.2) | 30.3 (6.2) | |
46–60 | 29 (9.1) | 31.1 (5.8) | |
Marital Status (n = 415) | |||
Single | 97 (23.4) | 24.6 (5.2) | P < .001 |
Married | 185 (44.6) | 27.6 (6.0) | |
Divorced | 106 (25.5) | 27.9 (5.4) | |
Widowed | 27 (6.5) | 27.1 (5.9) | |
Number of children (n = 416) | |||
0 | 200 (48.1) | 25.7 (5.6) | P < .001 |
1 | 50 (12.0) | 26.6 (6.1) | |
2 | 44 (10.6) | 27.4 (5.6) | |
3 | 43 (10.3) | 37.6 (5.0) | |
4 | 40 (9.6) | 30.6 (6.1) | |
5 or more | 39 (9.4) | 30.4 (5.3) | |
Educational Level (n = 416) | |||
Primary or less | 5 (1.2) | 34.7 (3.9) | P = .013 |
Middle school | 7 (1.7) | 28.3 (5.7) | |
High school | 53 (12.7) | 28.4 (6.0) | |
College diploma/bachelor | 334 (80.4) | 26.7 (5.8) | |
Postgraduate degree | 17 (4.1) | 27.1 (5.9) | |
Monthly family income | |||
(Saudi Riyals) (n = 392) | |||
5000 or less | 35 (8.9) | 28.6 (6.1) | P = .178 |
5001–7000 | 69 (17.6) | 26.7 (6.5) | |
7001–10,000 | 64 (16.3) | 28.5 (7.5) | |
10,001–15,000 | 74 (18.9) | 26.4 (4.3) | |
15,000–20,000 | 56 (14.3) | 26.4 (5.3) | |
Over 20,000 | 94 (24.0) | 27.1 (5.5) | |
Size of home (n = 409) | |||
Traditional (folk) | 4 (1.0) | 30.5 (6.2) | P = .281 |
Apartment | 93 (22.7) | 27.4 (6.7) | |
Small villa (<500 m2) | 95 (23.2) | 27.8 (5.4) | |
Medium (500–1000 m2) | 175 (42.8) | 26.4 (5.8) | |
Large (over 1000 m2) | 42 (10.3) | 27.3 (5.4) | |
Home ownership (n = 413) | |||
Rental | 109 (26.4) | 26.7 (5.4) | P = .004 |
Owned | 297 (71.9) | 27.1 (5.9) | |
Employer provided | 7 (1.7) | 34.8 (7.1) | |
Number of work days/week (n = 419) | |||
5 | 412 (98.1) | 27.0 (5.8) | P = .669 |
6 | 7 (1.7) | 28.0 (6.1) | |
Number of working hours/day (n = 412) | |||
1–4 h | 15 (3.6) | 27.6 (6.7) | P = .970 |
5–6 h | 134 (32.4) | 27.3 (5.7) | |
7–8 h | 197 (47.7) | 27.0 (6.0) | |
9–10 h | 60 (14.5) | 26.7 (5.9) | |
Over 10 h | 6 (1.5) | 26.7 (4.3) | |
Job description (n = 399) | |||
Supervisor | 121 (28.8) | 27.1 (5.9) | P = .777 |
Non supervisor | 278 (66.2) | 27.1 (5.9) | |
Job Sector (n = 402) | |||
Public | 262 (65.2) | 28.0 (5.9) | P < .001 |
Private | 140 (34.8) | 25.3 (5.4) | |
Physical Activity Social Support score (n = 404) | |||
Low | 194 (48.0) | 26.8 (5.6) | P = .386 |
High | 210 (52.0) | 27.3 (6.1) | |
General Self-Efficacy score (n = 417) | |||
Low | 169 (41.0) | 26.8 (5.7) | P = .447 |
High | 248 (59.0) | 27.2 (5.9) | |
BMI categorya (n = 393) | |||
Underweight | 14 (3.6) | 17.0 (1.3) | P < .001 |
Normal weight | 150 (38.2) | 22.5 (1.7) | |
Overweight | 127 (32.3) | 27.3 (1.3) | |
Obese | 102 (26.0) | 34.8 (4.6) | |
Total | 393 (100) | 27.1 (5.9) | |
PA levelb (n = 420) | |||
Low | 219 (52.1) | 26.9 (6.0) | P = .822 |
Moderate | 173 (41.2) | 27.3 (5.8) | |
High | 28 (6.7) | 26.9 (4.8) |
Variables | N (valid percent) | PA level (MET-min/week) | P Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | |||
Age category (n = 317) | ||||
18–25 | 67 (21.1) | 1006.0 (1242.6) | 466.7 (136.7–1460.7) | P = .984 |
26–35 | 176 (55.5) | 1041.6 (1195.7) | 581.0 (184.6–1550.8) | |
36–45 | 45 (14.2) | 1092.0 (1140.2) | 658.7 (308.3–1517.3) | |
46–60 | 29 (9.1) | 1015.5 (788.0) | 784.0 (310.3–1667.3) | |
Marital Status (n = 415) | ||||
Single | 97 (23.4) | 867.4 (1145.9) | 416.0 (141.8–1104.3) | P = .260 |
Married | 185 (44.6) | 1063.8 (1193.5) | 580.0 (182.0–1662.0) | |
Divorced | 106 (25.5) | 1039.0 (1072.4) | 733.7 (318.2–1288.6) | |
Widowed | 27 (6.5) | 685.8 (951.2) | 270.0 (101.3–866.0) | |
Number of children (n = 416) | ||||
0 | 200 (48.1) | 869.7 (1085.4) | 434.7 (149.3–1255.0) | P = .054 |
1 | 50 (12.0) | 988.3 (993.8) | 620.7 (252.3–1486.6) | |
2 | 44 (10.6) | 1443.4 (1415.0) | 1073.7 (187.7–2477.3) | |
3 | 43 (10.3) | 902.3 (1170.2) | 453.3 (156.0–1244.7) | |
4 | 40 (9.6) | 1192.4 (1282.2) | 676.7 (332.4–1683.8) | |
5 or more | 39 (9.4) | 926.4 (953.2) | 641.3 (186.7–1440.0) | |
Educational Level (n = 416) | ||||
Primary or less | 5 (1.2) | 1098.8 (1136.7) | 369.7 (253.8–2308.3) | P = .033 |
Middle school | 7 (1.7) | 1243.0 (1188.9) | 941.3 (58.7–2150.0) | |
High school | 53 (12.7) | 1440.1 (1515.9) | 1067.3 (261.5–1923.7) | |
College diploma/bachelor | 334 (80.4) | 917.0 (1067.3) | 532.7 (173.2–1315.7) | |
Postgraduate degree | 17 (4.1) | 822.4 (874.3) | 553.3 (114.7–1286.7) | |
Monthly family income (Saudi Riyals) (n = 392) | ||||
5000 or less | 35 (8.9) | 1420.5 (1477.5) | 1027.3 (257.0–2150.0) | P = .179 |
5001–7000 | 69 (17.6) | 785.9 (864.0) | 456.0 (166.5–1149.8) | |
7001–10,000 | 64 (16.3) | 906.9 (1252.9) | 410.0 (130.8–1061.7) | |
10,001–15,000 | 74 (18.9) | 1055.8 (1200.5) | 704.0 (217.7–1438.3) | |
15,000–20,000 | 56 (14.3) | 1004.3 (959.3) | 615.7 (212.3–1722.4) | |
Over 20,000 | 94 (24.0) | 1028.4 (1203.9) | 552.3 (177.2–1393.0) | |
Size of home (n = 409) | ||||
Traditional (folk) | 4 (1.0) | 1794.0 (2406.2) | 827.0 (226.7–4328.4) | P = .117 |
Apartment | 93 (22.7) | 1204.0 (1347.6) | 710.7 (189.2–1597.3) | |
Small villa (<500 m2) | 95 (23.2) | 928.0 (990.5) | 590.7 (200.0–1470.7) | |
Medium (500–1000 m2) | 175 (42.8) | 962.3 (1114.0) | 525.3 (185.7–1309.3) | |
Large (over 1000 m2) | 42 (10.3) | 753.8 (896.0) | 404.0 (131.2–1006.1) | |
Home ownership (n = 413) | ||||
Rental | 109 (26.4) | 1193.8 (1283.5) | 705.3 (249.7–1607.7) | P = .062 |
Owned | 297 (71.9) | 905.0 (1059.5) | 480.0 (173.3–1270.8) | |
Employer provided | 7 (1.7) | 1272.2 (1802.3) | 710.7 (208.0–1101.3) | |
Number of work days/week (n = 419) | ||||
5 | 412 (98.1) | 979.6 (1131.0) | 552.3 (184.0–1414.5) | P = .700 |
6 | 7 (1.7) | 1146.6 (1526.4) | 287.7 (58.7–2640.0) | |
Number of working hours/day (n = 412) | ||||
1–4 h | 15 (3.6) | 1043.3 (763.7) | 1001.7 (320.7–1609.7) | P = .022 |
5–6 h | 134 (32.4) | 1212.9 (1205.5) | 715.0 (370.0–1722.0) | |
7–8 h | 197 (47.7) | 852.8 (1102.9) | 408.0 (140.0–1168.0) | |
9–10 h | 60 (14.5) | 782.3 (996.0) | 332.3 (113.3–1088.6) | |
Over 10 h | 6 (1.5) | 1527.6 (1856.7) | 775.3 (364.7–2722.7) | |
Job description (n = 399) | ||||
Supervisor | 121 (28.8) | 1129.7 (1182.7) | 699.3 (211.8–1709.0) | P = .144 |
Non supervisor | 278 (66.2) | 945.9 (1139.9) | 510.7 (183.0–1317.2) | |
Job Sector (n = 402) | ||||
Public | 262 (65.2) | 1119.0 (1183.6) | 681.7 (261.2–1563.6) | P < .001 |
Private | 140 (34.8) | 650.2 (935.4) | 254.7 (112.0–811.2) | |
Physical Activity Social Support score (n = 404) | ||||
Low | 194 (48.0) | 939.2 (1162.8) | 475 (177.2–1268.3) | P = .314 |
High | 210 (52.0) | 1054.6 (1136.4) | 648 (190.7–1559.6) | |
General Self-Efficacy score (n = 417) | ||||
Low | 169 (41.0) | 1037.5 (1263.2) | 525 (165.5–446.7) | P = .413 |
High | 248 (59.0) | 944.6 (1043.5) | 571 (186.7–1383.8) | |
BMIª category (n = 393) | ||||
Underweight | 14 (3.6) | 677.3 (1037.1) | 288.5 (72.7–915.0) | P = .671 |
Normal weight | 150 (38.2) | 971.3 (1125.7) | 531.5 (186.6–1410.2) | |
Overweight | 127 (32.3) | 1043.9 (1176.7) | 677.3 (186.7–1440.0) | |
Obese | 102 (26.0) | 942.8 (1053.1) | 539.2 (169.6–1498.7) | |
PAb level (n = 420) | ||||
Low | 219 (52.1) | 229.1 (164.3) | 186.7 (90.67–337.3) | P < .001 |
Moderate | 173 (41.2) | 1411.8 (644.1) | 1309.3 (832.665–1882.7) | |
High | 28 (6.7) | 4185.2 (86.7) | 4078.0 (3260.75–5101.6) | |
Total | 420 (100) | 980.0 (1136.2) | 549.0 (181.0–1414.5) |
Factors associated with being overweight or obese
Respondent characteristics | BMI category | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Normal | Overweight/Obese | ||
N (%) | N (%) | ||
All (n = 393) | 150 (38.2) | 229 (58.3) | ---- |
Age (n = 283) | |||
≤ 35 years | 103 (36.4) | 112 (39.6) | P < 0.001 |
> 35 years | 12 (4.2) | 56 (19.8) | |
Marital status (n = 415) | |||
Married | 56 (15.0) | 108 (28.9) | P = 0.047 |
Other (not married) | 93 (24.9) | 117 (31.3) | |
Number of children (n = 378) | |||
none | 87 (23.0) | 92 (24.3) | P = 0.001 |
At least one | 63 (16.7) | 136 (36.0) | |
Education (n = 375) | |||
≤high school | 15 (4.0) | 46 (12.3) | P = 0.008 |
> high school | 134 (35.7) | 180 (48.0) | |
Monthly family income (n = 353) | |||
< 10,000 SR (2,667 USD) | 48 (13.6) | 102 (28.9) | P = 0.019 |
≥10,0000 SR (2,667 USD) | 90 (25.5) | 113 (32.0) | |
Job sector (n = 361) | |||
Public | 77 (21.3) | 162 (44.9) | P < 0.001 |
Private | 66 (18.3) | 56 (15.5) | |
Working hours per day (n = 371) | |||
< 7 h | 56 (15.1) | 84 (22.6) | P = 0.974 |
≥7 h | 92 (24.8) | 139 (37.5) | |
Physical Activity Social Support score (n = 366) | |||
Low | 70 (19.1) | 103 (28.1) | P = 0.678 |
High | 74 (20.2) | 119 (32.5) | |
Self-Efficacy score (n = 377) | |||
Low | 58 (15.4) | 94 (24.9) | P = 0.656 |
High | 91 (24.1) | 134 (35.5) | |
PA level (n = 379) | |||
Low | 78 (20.6) | 116 (30.6) | P = 0.798 |
Moderate/high | 72 (19.0) | 113 (29.8) |
Variable | OR | 95 % CI | Wald | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.1 | 1.06–1.54 | 19.1 | <0.001 |
Family income <10,000 SR (2,667 USD) | 2.19 | 1.23–3.87 | 7.19 | 0.007 |
Work in public sector | 1.78 | 1.0–3.17 | 3.83 | 0.050 |
Factors associated with low physical activity level
Respondent characteristics | Low physical activity level | Moderate/high physical activity level | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | ||
All | 219 (52.1) | ||
Age (n = 317) | |||
≤ 35 years | 126 (39.7) | 117 (36.9) | P = 0 .195 |
> 35 years | 32 (10.1) | 42 (13.2) | |
Marital status (n = 415) | |||
Married | 97 (52.4) | 88 (47.6) | P = 0.819 |
Other (not married) | 118 (51.3) | 112 (48.7) | |
Number of children (n = 416) | |||
None | 115 (57.5) | 85 (42.5) | P = 0.032 |
At least one | 103 (47.0) | 116 (53.0) | |
Education (n = 416) | |||
≤high school | 27 (41.5) | 38 (58.5) | P = 0.068 |
> high school | 189 (53.8) | 162 (46.2) | |
Monthly family income (n = 392) | |||
< 10,000 SR (2,667 USD) | 91 (54.2) | 77 (45.8) | P = 0.414 |
≥ 10,0000 SR (2,667 USD) | 112 (50.0) | 112 (50.0) | |
Job sector (n = 402) | |||
Public | 118 (45.0) | 144 (55.0) | P < 0.001 |
Private | 94 (67.1) | 46 (32.9) | |
Working hours per day (n = 412) | |||
< 7 h | 61 (40.9) | 88 (59.1) | P = 0.001 |
≥ 7 h | 154 (58.6) | 109 (41.4) | |
Physical Activity Social Support score (n = 366) | |||
Low | 107 (55.2) | 87 (44.8) | P = 0.130 |
High | 100 (47.6) | 110 (52.4) | |
Self-Efficacy score (n = 417) | |||
Low | 91 (53.8) | 78 (46.2) | P = 0.542 |
High | 126 (5.8) | 122 (49.2) | |
BMI (n = 393) | |||
Normal | 78 (52.0) | 72 (48.0) | P = 0.798 |
Overweight/obese | 116 (50.7) | 113 (49.3) |
Variable | OR | 95 % CI | Wald | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Working ≥7 h/day | 1.67 | 1.07–2.61 | 5.05 | 0.025 |
Work in private sector | 2.1 | 1.32–3.33 | 9.80 | 0.002 |
Reasons for being physically active (n = 417) | Low PA N (%) | High PA N (%) | P-value |
For health | 112 (54.1) | 130 (61.9) | .107 |
To maintain bodyweight | 86 (41.5) | 110 (52.4) | .027 |
To reduce body weight | 99 (47.8) | 97 (46.2) | .738 |
For recreation | 76 (36.7) | 75 (35.7) | .832 |
To spend time with friends | 4 (1.9) | 10 (4.8) | .109 |
For competition | 1 (0.5) | 4 (1.9) | .182 |
Other reasons for being PA | 11 (5.3) | 11 (5.2) | .972 |
Reasons for not being physically active (n = 418) | |||
No time | 148 (71.2) | 124 (59.0) | .009 |
Too tired to exercise | 93 (44.7) | 80 (38.1) | .170 |
Facilities are too far | 65 (31.2) | 57 (27.1) | .356 |
No transportation | 46 (22.1) | 48 (22.9) | .856 |
No one to exercise with | 50 (24.0) | 40 (19.0) | .215 |
No will power | 39 (18.8) | 28 (13.3) | .131 |
No motivation | 12 (5.8) | 4 (1.9) | .039 |
Facilities are too expensive | 31 (14.9) | 30 (14.3) | .858 |
Due to health reasons | 19 (9.1) | 19 (9.0) | .975 |
Don’t know how to exercise/play sports | 10 (4.8) | 10 (4.8) | .983 |
Due to health reasons | 19 (9.1) | 19 (9.0) | .975 |
Don’t know how to exercise/play sports | 10 (4.8) | 10 (4.8) | .983 |
Socially unacceptable | 5 (2.4) | 4 (1.9) | .725 |
Other reasons for not being PA | 14 (6.7) | 11 (5.2) | .499 |