Background
Methods
Plant material and chemicals
Preparation of extracts and fractionation
Isolation and culture of O. ochengi and C. elegans
Anthelmintic screening assay
Worm mortality and LC50 determination
Phytochemical test
Acute toxicity studies of active methanolic/methylene chloride extract of Lophira lanceolata in Swiss albino mice
Data analysis
Results
Anthelmintic activity of ethanolic and methanolic/methylene chloride extracts of L. lanceolata on O. ochengi
LC50 μg/mL after 72 h (after 48 h) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanolic extract | Methanolic/methylene chloride extracts | Positive controls | |||||||
Worms | Leaves | Trunk barks | Root barks | Leaves | Trunk barks | Root barks | Ivermectin | Levamisole | Albendazole |
O. ochengi
|
9.76 ± 0.49
ns
(11.68 ± 0.44ns) |
8.05 ± 1.15
ns
(9.26 ± 1.67ns) |
6.39 ± 2.11
ns
(7.69 ± 1.35ns) |
9.45 ± 0.37
ns
(12.33 ± 1.01ns) |
7.95 ± 1.70
ns
(10.77 ± 2.55ns) |
6.39 ± 2.11
ns
(7.63 ± 1.29ns) |
2.23 ± 1.96
ns
(5.27 ± 0.01 ns) |
3.62 ± 1.88
ns
(6.93 ± 0.032 ns) |
4.34 ± 0.71
ns
(8.001 ± 0.00 ns) |
C. elegans
|
4650.00 ± 1.58
**
(8210.00 ± 2.71ns) |
1200.00 ± 0.47
ns
(2370.00 ± 0.66*) |
1890.00 ± 0.26
**
(3030.00 ± 0.92**) |
3530.00 ± 0.78
***
(5440.00 ± 1.45***) |
2030.00 ± 0.36
** (2070.00 ± 0.39**) |
1000.00 ± 0.33
ns
(2640.00 ± 0.52*) |
2.17 ± 0.66
**
(2.41 ± 0.33 ns) |
4.12 ± 0.31
**
(4.15 ± 0.68ns) |
4.26 ± 0.00
**
(4.35 ± 0.57 ns) |
Anthelmintic activity of ethanolic and methanolic/methylene chloride extracts of L. lanceolata against C. elegans WT and drug resistant strains
LC50 (μg/mL) after 72 h (after 48 h) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanolic extract | Methanolic/methylene chloride extracts | Positive controls | |||||||
C. elegans
| Leaves | Trunk barks | Root barks | Leaves | Trunk barks | Root barks | Ivermectin | Levamisole | Albendazole |
Wild type
|
4650.00 ± 1.58
**
(8210.00 ± 2.71)***
|
1200.00 ± 0.47
ns
(2370.00 ± 0.66)**
|
1890.00 ± 0.26
**
(3030.00 ± 0.92)***
|
3530.00 ± 0.78
***
(5440.00 ± 1.45***) |
2030.00 ± 0.36
** (2070.00 ± 0.39**) |
1000.00 ± 0.33
ns
(2640.00 ± 0.52*) |
2.17 ± 0.66
**
(2.41 ± 0.33)***
|
4.12 ± 0.31
**
(4.15 ± 0.68)**
|
4.26 ± 0.01
**
(4.35 ± 0.57)***
|
CB3474
|
1030.00 ± 3.07***
(1039.00 ± 1.65) ns
|
2810.00 ± 0.10
ns
(4267.00 ± 0.02) ***
|
2030.00 ± 0.35
ns
(2803 ± 0,16) ns
|
1470.00 ± 0.3
***
(2830.00 ± 1.37 ns) |
2620.00 ± 0.22
ns
(3070.00 ± 0.34 ***) |
1860.00 ± 0.20
ns
(2680.00 ± 0.25 ns) | - | - | > 100 |
CB211
|
4220.00 ± 0.55**
(7580.00 ± 2.38) ns
|
4720.00 ± 2.11
ns
(1162.00 ± 3.49) ***
|
2270.00 ± 0.66
ns
(3063.00 ± 0.88) ns
|
3750.00 ± 0.32
ns
(5510.00 ± 1.37*) |
3670.00 ± 0.75
ns
(8790.00 ± 0.29***) |
2200.00 ± 0.36
ns
(2940.00 ± 0.62 ns) | - | > 100 | - |
VC722
|
1170.00 ± 0.60***
(5210.00 ± 2.61) ns
|
4120.00 ± 0.73
ns
(7937.00 ± 1.65) ns
|
2850.00 ± 0.35
ns
(5260.00 ± 5.10) ns
|
1820.00 ± 0.90
ns
(5870.00 ± 1.47ns) |
3970.00 ± 0.55
ns
(6920.00 ± 1.33**) |
2500.00 ± 0.37
ns
(2620.00 ± 0.37 ns) | > 100 | - | - |
Phytochemical dosages of ethanolic and methanolic/methylene chloride extracts of L. lanceolata
Ethanolic extract | Methanolic/methylene chloride extracts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parts used | (mg/g) | |||||||
Polyphenols | Tannins | Flavonoids | Saponines | Polyphenols | Tannins | Flavonoids | Saponines | |
Leaves | 414.07 ± 0.01 | 279.50 ± 0.01 | 8.76 ± 0.01 | 1.20 ± 0.05 | 1166.75 ± 0.01 | 558.00 ± 0,01 | 8.82 ± 0.02 | 1.20 ± 0.06 |
Trunk barks | 394.52 ± 0.03 | 251.19 ± 0.01 | 25.34 ± 0.01 | 1.07 ± 0.05 | 2090.00 ± 0.04 | 1663.71 ± 0.09 | 58.00 ± 0.09 | 2.09 ± 0.06 |
Root barks | 246.77 ± 0.04 | 166.40 ± 0.01 | 163.46 ± 0.01 | 2.05 ± 0.05 | 1880.00 ± 0.04 | 1333.00 ± 0.03 | 9.68 ± 0.03 | 5.12 ± 0.06 |