Background
Methods
Study design
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
---|---|
18 years and older | Undefined type of diabetes or clinical suspicion of non-type 2 diabetes mellitus |
Confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus at the time of admission | Confirmed pancreatic insufficiency, chronic pancreatitis or previous pancreatic surgery |
Able to understand study procedures | Ongoing steroidal therapy or steroidal therapy in the previous 3 months |
Willing to participate in the study and to sign the written informed consent | Ongoing calcineurin inhibitor therapy or history of calcineurin inhibitor therapy |
Ongoing statin therapy or statin therapy in the previous month | |
Suspected or confirmed pregnancy | |
Chronic kidney disease with eGFR below 30 mL/min (according to the CKD-EPI equation) | |
Previous non-traumatic lower limb amputation | |
Solid organ or marrow transplant recipient | |
History or active solid or hematological malignancy | |
Acute infectious disease at the time of evaluation or in the previous month | |
Chronic liver disease with a functional status, according to the Child–Pugh classification, of B or above | |
Hereditary monogenic dyslipidemia (confirmed or suspected) | |
Congenital disease of platelet function | |
Acquired or congenital thrombocytopenia | |
Congenital or acquired hemophilia or coagulation defect | |
Congenital or acquired thrombophilia | |
Active autoimmune disease |
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They had had a history of previous lower limb percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, with or without stent placement, or
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They had had at least one instrumental and one clinical criterion among those listed in Table 2.Table 2Criteria for PAD definition in patients without a history of lower limb amputation, PTA or by-pass surgeryClinical CriteriaInstrumental criteriaPresence of claudication intermittensABI < 0.90Rest painTcPO2 < 30 mmHgNon-healing distal ulcerUltrasonographic or radiologic finding of atherosclerotic narrowing, with a reduction of at least 50% of the lumen diameter, consistent with clinical symptomsGangreneUltrasonographic finding of post-stenotic blood flow profile, consistent with symptoms
Biochemical measurement
Statistical analysis
Results
WPAD | PAD | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 80) | (n = 74) | ||
Male (%) | 69 | 65 | 0.34 |
Age (years ± SD) | 73.1 ± 6.4 | 69.8 ± 6.3 | 0.89 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 2.1 | 23.9 ± 2.8 | 0.52 |
Smoking (current) (%) | 17 (21.25) | 19 (25.67) | 0.032 |
Hypertension (%) | 35 (44.0) | 47 (63.5) | 0.024 |
Coronary artery disease (%) | 25 (31.2) | 39 (52.7) | 0.031 |
Diabetes duration (years ± SD) | 10.1 ± 6.1 | 11.6 ± 5.9 | 0.97 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.97 (1.81) | 5.87 (1.35) | 0.78 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.24 (1.21) | 1.20 (1.21) | 0.67 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.82 (1.08) | 2.78 (0.83) | 0.73 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.32 (1.67) | 1.98 (1.12) | 0.99 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 7.19 (1.12) | 7.61 (1.85) | 0.75 |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 7.13 (1.41) | 7.21 (1.84) | 0.59 |
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 72.12 (8.19) | 67.98 (6.76 | 0.12 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (UI/L) | 38.2 (4.5) | 34.4 (3.8) | 0.61 |
Alanine aminotransferase (UI/L) | 41.1 (4.9) | 44.3 (3.9) | 0.45 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.33 |
Alkaline phosphatase (UI/L) | 109.6 (12.3) | 112.3 (9.4) | 0.56 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.6 (2.12) | 12.1 (2.01) | 0.98 |
White blood cells (× 10E3/μL) | 5.9 (0.68) | 6.1 (0.98) | 0.85 |
Platelets (× 10E3/μL) | 254 (15.2) | 236 (17.3) | 0.52 |
Treatment | |||
Diet only (%) | 9 (11.25) | 11 (14.86) | 0.76 |
Oral agents (%) | 42 (52.5) | 38 (51.35) | 0.88 |
Insulin therapy (%) | 38 (47.5) | 35 (47.29) | 0.65 |
PAD | |||
1-Fontaine’s II (%) | 36 (48.64) | ||
2-Fontaine’s III (%) | 24 (32.43) | ||
2-Fontaine’s IV (%) | 14 (18.91) |
Variable OR (95% CI) | P value | |
---|---|---|
Age | 1.13 (0.9–1.21) | 0.187 |
Men | 1.98 (1.12–2.78) | < 0.001 |
Smoking | 33.51 (8.22–145.27) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 19.97 (6.36–67.61) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 18.42 (5.15–31.38) | 0.003 |
Total cholesterol | 1.13 (0.98–2.14) | 0.012 |
HDL-cholesterol | 0.09 (0.02–0.18) | 0.211 |
LDL-cholesterol | 11.33 (4.15–62.14) | 0.055 |
Sortilin | 5.21 (1.92–18.32) | 0.003 |