Background
Education, social class, occupational complexity, income, and health in old age
Methods
Data
Measurements
Statistical methods
Results
Mobility limitations (0–2)1
| ADL limitations (0–10) | Psychological distress (0–4) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 2036) | Mean problems2
|
n
3
| Mean problems |
n
| Mean problems |
n
| |
Total | % | 0.59 | 1763 | 0.53 | 2027 | 0.38 | 1596 |
Sex |
p = 0.005
4
|
p = 0.325
|
p < 0.001
| ||||
Women
| 41.7 | 0.69 | 1000 | 0.57 | 1185 | 0.46 | 867 |
Men
| 58.3 | 0.48 | 763 | 0.48 | 842 | 0.27 | 729 |
Age at follow-up |
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.797
| ||||
69–75
| 19.7 | 0.34 | 360 | 0.13 | 399 | 0.36 | 346 |
76–82
| 56.8 | 0.58 | 1018 | 0.47 | 1153 | 0.39 | 884 |
83–88
| 23.5 | 0.85 | 385 | 1.02 | 475 | 0.37 | 366 |
Education |
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.011
|
p = 0.105
| ||||
High
| 9.4 | 0.35 | 182 | 0.28 | 191 | 0.25 | 159 |
Medium
| 36.1 | 0.51 | 668 | 0.48 | 730 | 0.40 | 584 |
Low
| 54.6 | 0.69 | 913 | 0.61 | 1106 | 0.38 | 853 |
Social class |
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.017
|
p = 0.135
| ||||
High
| 24.4 | 0.44 | 458 | 0.62 | 495 | 0.32 | 425 |
Medium
| 22.2 | 0.56 | 400 | 0.40 | 450 | 0.38 | 343 |
Low
| 53.4 | 0.67 | 904 | 0.59 | 1078 | 0.41 | 826 |
Occupational complexity |
p = 0.001
|
p = 0.144
|
p = 0.009
| ||||
High
| 11.4 | 0.39 | 216 | 0.46 | 233 | 0.25 | 193 |
Medium
| 51.3 | 0.59 | 897 | 0.43 | 1038 | 0.34 | 823 |
Low
| 37.2 | 0.65 | 650 | 0.71 | 756 | 0.48 | 580 |
Income |
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.031
|
p < 0.001
| ||||
High
| 20.0 | 0.36 | 354 | 0.32 | 405 | 0.21 | 324 |
Medium
| 40.0 | 0.60 | 705 | 0.52 | 810 | 0.41 | 646 |
Low
| 40.0 | 0.69 | 704 | 0.66 | 812 | 0.43 | 646 |
SEP-index |
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.002
|
p = 0.017
| ||||
High
| 29.9 | 0.42 | 558 | 0.35 | 606 | 0.30 | 503 |
Medium
| 36.2 | 0.61 | 635 | 0.49 | 727 | 0.41 | 576 |
Low
| 34.0 | 0.72 | 569 | 0.75 | 690 | 0.42 | 515 |
Mobility limitations (n = 1763)1
| R2 change | ADL limitations (n = 2036) | R2 change | Psychological distress (n = 1596) | R2 Change | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AME (%) |
p value | AME (%) |
p value | AME (%) |
p value
| ||||
Education | |||||||||
Model 1 | |||||||||
-High
| (Ref) | [0.001] 2
| 12%3
| (Ref) | [0.236] | 3% | (Ref) | [0.060] | 15% |
-Medium
|
7.02
| 0.039 | 1.43 | 0.229 |
9.46
| 0.022 | |||
-Low
|
12.16
| 0.001 | 1.99 | 0.103 |
9.42
| 0.022 | |||
Model 2 | |||||||||
-High
| (Ref) | [0.398] | 1%4
| (Ref) | [0.921] | 0% | (Ref) | [0.468] | 3% |
-Medium
| 2.53 | 0.251 | 0.42 | 0.933 | 4.93 | 0.305 | |||
-Low
| 5.08 | 0.531 | 0.12 | 0.767 | 2.87 | 0.568 | |||
Social class | |||||||||
Model 1 | |||||||||
-High
| (Ref) | [0.001] | 12% | (Ref) | [0.021] | 5% | (Ref) | [0.104] | 12% |
-Medium
| 5.33 | 0.052 | 1.04 | 0.221 | 4.52 | 0.145 | |||
-Low
|
9.10
| 0.000 |
2.01
| 0.007 |
5.79
| 0.035 | |||
Model 2 | |||||||||
-High
| (Ref) | [0.680] | 0% | (Ref) | [0.937] | 1% | (Ref) | [0.949] | 1% |
-Medium
| −0.12 | 0.971 | 0.54 | 0.141 | −0.83 | 0.829 | |||
-Low
| 1.96 | 0.559 | 1.39 | 0.583 | 0.01 | 0.997 | |||
Occupational complexity | |||||||||
Model 1 | |||||||||
-High
| (Ref) | [0.015] | 9% | (Ref) | [0.043] | 4% | (Ref) | [0.012] | 18% |
-Medium
|
8.49
| 0.004 | 0.26 | 0.153 | 4.95 | 0.181 | |||
-Low
|
10.15
| 0.011 | 1.73 | 0.806 |
10.34
| 0.011 | |||
Model 2 | |||||||||
-High
| (Ref) | [0.510] | 2% | (Ref) | [0.128] | 1% | (Ref) | [0.094] | 8% |
-Medium
| 4.23 | 0.281 | −1.03 | 0.400 | 2.42 | 0.567 | |||
-Low
| 4.79 | 0.250 | 0.15 | 0.914 | 7.23 | 0.128 | |||
Income | |||||||||
Model 1 | |||||||||
-High
| (Ref) | [0.000] | 13% | (Ref) | [0.007] | 7% | (Ref) | [0.006] | 27% |
-Medium
|
10.37
| 0.000 |
2.44
| 0.002 |
10.58
| 0.004 | |||
-Low
|
13.05
| 0.000 |
2.30
| 0.007 |
9.93
| 0.002 | |||
Model 2 | |||||||||
-High
| (Ref) | [0.019] | 7% | (Ref) | [0.102] | 3% | (Ref) | [0.072] | 18% |
-Medium
|
7.37
| 0.005 |
1.88
| 0.025 |
8.70
| 0.037 | |||
-Low
|
9.31
| 0.014 | 1.81 | 0.058 |
8.42
| 0.023 | |||
SEP-index | |||||||||
Model 1 | |||||||||
-High
| (Ref) | [0.000] | 16% | (Ref) | [0.008] | 6% | (Ref) | [0.011] | 20% |
-Medium
|
8.53
| 0.000 |
6.18
| 0.021 |
28.64
| 0.003 | |||
-Low
|
10.38
| 0.000 |
9.56
| 0.002 |
20.09
| 0.044 |
Education
Social class
Occupational complexity
Income
SES-index
People not in paid employment at baseline
Mobility limitations (n = 2010)1
| ADL limitations (n = 2312) | Psychological distress (n = 1805) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AME (%) |
p value | AME (%) |
p value | AME (%) |
p value | |
Paid occupation | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Not paid occupation2
|
7.46
| 0.024 |
8.61
| 0.000 |
7.33
| 0.024 |