Background
Methods
Participants and procedures
Measurement scale | N | Dimension | Likert format | Score range | Α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire | 20 | 5-factor | 1–5 | Average (1–5) | .69–.85 |
Perceived Stress Scale | 10 | 1-factor | 0–4 | Sum (0–40) | .76 |
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule | 20 | 2-factor | 1–5 | Sum (10–50) | .89 |
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | 14 | 2-factor | 0–3 | Sum (0–21) | .78–.87 |
Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale | 32 | 1-factor | 0–4 | Average (0–4) | .94 |
Short-form 12 Health Survey | 12 | 2-factor | various | Sum (0–100) | .72–.77 |
Measurements
Mindfulness
Perceived stress
Affect
Anxiety and depression
Cancer-related illness symptoms
Quality of life (QoL)
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample profile
Variable | N (%) |
---|---|
Female/male | 74 (58)/53 (42) |
Education level | |
≤ 9 years/ ≥ 10 years | 45 (36)/82 (64) |
Marital status | |
Single/married | 31 (24)/96 (76) |
Cancer stage | |
I/II/III | 35 (32)/33 (30)/43 (38) |
Having comorbid illness | 33 (26) |
Chemotherapy or radiotherapy | |
Yes/no | 56 (44)/70 (56) |
Mean (SD) | |
---|---|
Age (years) | 63.8 (8.9) |
Average monthly income (k) | 15.0 (32.6) |
Perceived stress | 17.7 (4.5) |
Positive affect | 28.5 (6.7) |
Negative affect | 19.2 (6.2) |
Anxiety | 5.5 (4.0) |
Depression | 5.3 (3.7) |
Illness symptoms | 0.59 (0.47) |
Physical quality of life | 43.1 (8.1) |
Mental quality of life | 50.6 (8.0) |
Dimensionality
EFA model | # | 2.5% PPL | 97.5% PPL | PPP | DIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2-factor | 79 | 222.6 | 327.9 | .000 | 6668 |
3-factor | 97 | 133.3 | 243.1 | .000 | 6598 |
4-factor | 114 | 44.7 | 157.8 | .000 | 6526 |
5-factor | 130 | − 0.3 | 118.4 | .027 | 6500 |
6-factor | 145 | − 23.8 | 94.6 | .115 | 6488 |
Factorial validity
Model | Prior specification | # | pD | pppp | 2.5% PPL | 97.5% PPL | PPP | DIC | RMSEA | CFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Uninformative | 70 | 72 | – | 100.4 | 204.3 | .000 | 6403 | 0.091 | 0.84 |
Informative priors on cross-loadings | ||||||||||
2 | var = 0.01 | 150 | 100 | .12 | 12.5 | 132.7 | .008 | 6352 | 0.072 | 0.92 |
3 | var = 0.02 | 150 | 108 | .61 | − 3.0 | 117.5 | .030 | 6343 | 0.066 | 0.93 |
4 | var = 0.04 | 150 | 115 | .94 | − 8.0 | 115.7 | .044 | 6347 | 0.066 | 0.94 |
5 | Revised Model 3 | 150 | 107 | .70 | − 4.8 | 111.7 | .037 | 6339 | 0.065 | 0.94 |
Informative priors on residual covariance | ||||||||||
6 | d = 10 | 340 | 211 | .44 | − 75.5 | 50.9 | .662 | 6377 | 0.010 | 1.00 |
7 | d = 20 | 340 | 209 | .20 | − 78.9 | 42.2 | .726 | 6369 | 0.000 | 1.00 |
8 | d = 30 | 340 | 214 | .06 | − 73.6 | 50.0 | .644 | 6381 | 0.020 | 0.99 |
Informative priors on cross-loadings with one residual covariance | ||||||||||
9 | Revised Model 5 | 151 | 108 | .75 | − 14.9 | 97.6 | .073 | 6329 | 0.060 | 0.95 |
Item no | Observing | Describing | Act with awareness | Nonjudging | Nonreacting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7. Sensations | .54* (.34–.74) | .05 (− .14 to .22) | − .03 (− .19 to .14) | .01 (− .18 to .18) | .12 (− .07 to .31) |
10. Sound | .88* (.69 to 1.09) | − .10 (− .30 to .09) | − .03 (− .22 to .16) | .07 (− .13 to .28) | − .09 (− .30 to .11) |
14. Smell and aroma | .83* (.65 to 1.02) | .02 (− .17 to .21) | .01 (− .17 to .20) | .03 (− .17 to .22) | − .10 (− .30 to .09) |
17. Visual elements | .60* (.40 to .80) | .06 (− .13 to .24) | .03 (− .14 to .19) | − .06 (− .25 to .13) | .14 (− .06 to .33) |
1. Describe feelings | − .12 (− .31 to .08) | .96* (.78 to 1.17) | − .03 (− .23 to .16) | − .03 (− .23 to .17) | − .06 (− .26 to .14) |
3. Beliefs and opinions | − .01 (− .19 to .17) | .85* (.68 to 1.03) | .01 (− .17 to .18) | .01 (− .18 to .19) | − .01 (− .20 to .18) |
15. Terribly upset | .09 (− .08 to .26) | .41* (.21 to .61) | .13 (− .02 to .29) | .13 (− .05 to .30) | .18 (− .01 to .37) |
18. Experiences | .09 (− .09 to .27) | .70* (.50 to .89) | − .03 (− .19 to .14) | − .01 (− .18 to .18) | − .02 (− .22 to .17) |
2. Mind wanders off | − .06 (− .24 to .12) | .07 (− .11 to .25) | .81* (.69 to .93) | .12 (− .06 to .30) | − .03 (− .22 to .16) |
4. Daydreaming | .05 (− .13 to .23) | − .02 (− .21 to .16) | .79* (.66 to .91) | .03 (− .15 to .21) | − .03 (− .22 to .17) |
11. Easily distracted | .12 (− .07 to .31) | .06 (− .13 to .24) | .75* (.61 to .89) | − .22* (− .40 to − .03) | .05 (− .14 to .25) |
20. Not paying attention | − .08 (− .26 to .10) | − .04 (− .22 to .15) | .76* (.63 to .89) | .09 (− .09 to .27) | − .03 (− .23 to .16) |
5. Shouldn’t be feeling | − .07 (− .25 to .11) | − .10 (− .28 to .08) | .47* (.28 to .63) | − .11 (− .29 to .07) | − .01 (− .19 to .19) |
8. Make judgments | .12 (− .06 to .30) | .20* (.01 to .37) | .04 (− .13 to .20) | .38* (.16 to .63) | .08 (− .13 to .28) |
13. Shouldn’t be thinking | .01 (− .22 to .23) | − .10 (− .32 to .15) | − .01 (− .23 to .21) | .93* (.65 to 1.16) | .05 (− .20 to .30) |
16. Bad emotions | .01 (− .18 to .20) | .12 (− .07 to .31) | − .07 (− .24 to .10) | .48* (.24 to .75) | .01 (− .21 to .22) |
6. Step back | − .01 (− .20 to .19) | − .05 (− .25 to .13) | − .04 (− .23 to .14) | .01 (− .20 to .21) | .70* (.45 to .95) |
9. Pause immediately | − .10 (− .29 to .10) | .04 (− .16 to .23) | − .05 (− .24 to .13) | − .01 (− .22 to .19) | .79* (.55 to 1.04) |
12. Feel calm soon | .01 (− .18 to .19) | − .02 (− .21 to .16) | .06 (− .12 to .22) | .12 (− .10 to .31) | .66* (.42 to .90) |
19. Notice and let go | .12 (− .07 to .31) | .06 (− .14 to .25) | .01 (− .16 to .18) | .01 (− .21 to .20) | .49* (.21 to .77) |
Reliability and factor correlations
Factor | Mean | SD | ω | ICC (95% CI) | Factor correlations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
1. Observing | 3.01 | 1.05 | .82 | .83 (.75–.88) | .42* | .02 | .21* | .36* | |
2. Describing | 2.96 | 1.00 | .85 | .80 (.71–.86) | .51* | .14 | .14 | .49* | |
3. Acting with awareness | 3.61 | 0.82 | .85 | .87 (.81–.91) | .00 | .15 | .05 | .11 | |
4. Nonjudging | 3.02 | 0.94 | .68 | .75 (.63–.83) | .37* | .30* | .02 | .40* | |
5. Nonreacting | 2.96 | 0.83 | .77 | .78 (.68–.85) | .46* | .51* | .12 | .57* |
Convergent validity
Univariate | Observing | Describing | Awareness | Nonjudge | Nonreact | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
Gender | .07 (.10) | .07 (.10) | − .08 (.10) | .03 (.10) | .02 (.10) | |
Age | − .09 (.09) | − .16 (.10) | .12 (.10) | .12 (.11) | .11 (.09) | |
Cancer stage | − .09 (.10) | .04 (.11) | .18* (.09) | − .09 (.11) | .06 (.11) | |
Education | .15 (.11) | .24* (.10) | .10 (.11) | .17 (.11) | .27* (.10) | |
Marital status | − .03 (.10) | .05 (.10) | .03 (.11) | − .10 (.10) | − .02 (.11) | |
Comorbid illness | .10 (.10) | .09 (.10) | .01 (.10) | − .03 (.10) | .10 (.10) | |
Income | − .20* (.08) | − .23* (.09) | − .01 (.11) | − .05 (.12) | − .17 (.09) |
Multivariate | Observing | Describing | Awareness | Nonjudge | Nonreact | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health outcomes | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | ΔR2 |
Perceived stress | .00 (.12) | .05 (.14) | − .42* (.08) | .01 (.14) | − .16 (.15) | 19.3% |
Positive affect | − .06 (.15) | .38* (.13) | .13 (.11) | .25 (.13) | − .02 (.15) | 26.3% |
Negative affect | − .07 (.13) | .06 (.14) | − .40* (.09) | .01 (.13) | − .11 (.14) | 18.7% |
Anxiety | .09 (.14) | .08 (.14) | − .40* (.10) | .06 (.13) | − .26 (.15) | 20.7% |
Depression | .11 (.14) | − .15 (.12) | − .38* (.09) | − .03 (.13) | − .06 (.15) | 21.1% |
Illness symptoms | − .06 (.13) | .19 (.12) | − .40* (.08) | .09 (.12) | − .17 (.14) | 18.0% |
Physical QoL | .05 (.15) | − .08 (.14) | .25* (.09) | .03 (.13) | − .07 (.16) | 6.5% |
Mental QoL | .03 (.13) | .04 (.13) | .32* (.09) | .16 (.13) | − .01 (.15) | 14.2% |