Introduction
Methods
Research method and designs
Data source and searches
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Data extraction
Study quality
Data synthesis and analysis
Results
Study selection
Characteristics of included studies
Study name, year | Country | Study design | Measures for exposure variables | Measures for outcome variables | Crude OR/RR | Adjusted OR/RR | Adjusted for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palar et al. 2018 [11] | USA | Prospective cohort | HFSSM | CESD | Not available | 2.39 (1.63–3.42) (Marginal FI) | Not available |
3.18 (2.14–7.73) (low FI) | |||||||
4.19 (2.79–6.30) (very low FI) | |||||||
Kaplusky et al. 2015 [14] | USA | prospective cohort study | Radimer/corner questionnaire | Burnam depression screen | 2.15 (1.11–5.55) | 1.5 (0.6–3.7) | Social support, emotional support, poverty and drug use |
Palar et al. 2015 [27] | USA | Prospective cohort study | HFIAS | BDI–II | Not available | 1.41 (0.99–2.02) (Mild FI) | Sex, baseline depression, race, educational status, ART drug use, emergency visits, recent homelessness, heavy drinking, illicit drug use |
1.34 (1.02–1.78) (Moderate FI) | |||||||
1.64 (1.26–2.13) (Severe Fi) | |||||||
Kinyanda et al. 2011 [13] | Uganda | Cross sectional study | Self-report | MINI | 2.83 (1.45 = 5.73) | 2.89 (1.40–5.98) | Distance from HIV clinic, knowing HIV status, On ART, social support, stressful life event, stress score index |
Davey-Rothwell et al. 2014 [25] | USA | Prospective study | Core Food Insecurity Module | CESD | 2.91 (1.63–5.17) | 2.71 (1.51–4.88) | Race, age, income, taking food stamp in last 30 days |
Yeneabat et al. 2017 [28] | Ethiopia | Cross sectional study | HFIAS | CESD | 5.10 (2.32–10.25) | 3.83 (1.58–9.32) | Sex, age, educational status, marital status, occupational status, place of residence, number of dependent children, access to food, practice of agriculture, ownership livestock, CD4 + count, OIs |
Aibibula et al. 2017 [26] | USA | Prospective cohort study | HFSSM | CESD | 1.78 (1.57–2.02) (Moderate FI) 2.38 (2.14–2.65) (severe FI) | 1.33 (1.20–1.48) (Moderate | Sex, age, educational status, marital status, sexual orientation, unstable housing, occupational status, clinical stage, median duration of HIV infections, OIs |
FI) 1.37 (1.25–1.51) (severe FI) |
The quality of the included studies
Food insecurity and risk of depression in PLWHA
Subgroups analyses by study design
Subgroup analyses by the level of food insecurity
Subgroups | Studies, n | Relative risk (%) | 95% CI | Heterogeneity across the studies | Heterogeneity between the groups (P value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 | P value | |||||
Level of food insecurity | 0.813 | |||||
Mild | 2 | 1.83 | 1.09–3.07 | 75.28 | 0.044 | |
Moderate | 2 | 1.95 | 0.85–4.53 | 81.34 | 0.021 | |
Severe | 2 | 2.59 | 1.03–6.48 | 93.02 | < 0.001 | |
Adjustment for drug use | 0.134 | |||||
Adjusted | 2 | 1.63 | 1.27–2.10 2 | 0.00 | 0.850 | |
Not adjusted | 5 | 2.71 | 1.46–5.00 | 89.83 | < 0.001 | |
Adjustment for social support | 0.902 | |||||
Adjusted | 2 | 2.21 | 1.18–4.16 | 18.02 | 0.269 | |
Not adjusted | 5 | 2.31 | 1.48–3.63 | 89.07 | < 0.001 | |
Adjustment for ART | 0.599 | |||||
Adjusted | 2 | 1.96 | 1.17–3.28 | 51.67 | 0.269 | |
Not adjusted | 5 | 2.43 | 1.32–4.48 | 88.93 | < 0.001 |