Background
Methods
Study population
Exposure assessment
Laboratory assays
Statistical analyses
Results
Study population characteristics
Characteristic | Never or former menopausal hormone therapy users (n = 957) | Current menopausal hormone therapy users (n = 878) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % | Weighted %a
|
n
| % | Weighted %a
| |
Age at baseline blood draw | ||||||
<55 years | 82 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 101 | 11.5 | 16.8 |
55–59 years | 177 | 18.5 | 17.3 | 194 | 22.1 | 25.8 |
60–64 years | 230 | 24.0 | 21.0 | 218 | 24.8 | 23.9 |
65–69 years | 201 | 21.0 | 23.1 | 178 | 20.3 | 18.3 |
70–74 years | 170 | 17.8 | 19.3 | 135 | 15.4 | 11.2 |
75–79 years | 97 | 10.1 | 10.6 | 52 | 5.9 | 4.0 |
Race | ||||||
White | 841 | 87.9 | 89.4 | 825 | 94.0 | 93.5 |
Year at blood draw | ||||||
1993–1996 | 586 | 61.2 | 61.4 | 544 | 62.0 | 61.9 |
1997–1998 | 371 | 38.8 | 38.6 | 334 | 38.0 | 38.1 |
Smoking status | ||||||
Never | 488 | 51.0 | 50.2 | 427 | 48.6 | 45.9 |
Former | 402 | 42.0 | 41.3 | 416 | 47.4 | 48.8 |
Current | 67 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 35 | 4.0 | 5.3 |
Time since menopause | ||||||
<10 years | 299 | 32.9 | 31.5 | 349 | 39.7 | 44.0 |
10–19 years | 359 | 39.5 | 38.7 | 330 | 37.6 | 34.8 |
≥ 20 years | 250 | 27.5 | 29.9 | 199 | 22.7 | 21.1 |
Moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity | ||||||
0 MET-h/week | 205 | 21.4 | 19.9 | 145 | 16.5 | 18.4 |
0.1–9.9 MET-h/week | 304 | 31.8 | 30.9 | 279 | 31.8 | 34.2 |
≥10.0 MET-h/week | 448 | 46.8 | 49.3 | 454 | 51.7 | 47.4 |
Characteristic |
n
| Weighted n
a
| Weighted mean (SD) |
n
| Weighted n
a
| Weighted mean (SD) |
Current BMI, kg/m2
| 953 | 30,814 | 27.0 (0.27) | 877 | 25,152 | 26.6 (0.28) |
BMI at age 18 years, kg/m2
| 933 | 30,149 | 20.6 (0.15) | 859 | 24,661 | 20.5 (0.12) |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 952 | 30,720 | 0.81 (0.004) | 877 | 25,152 | 0.79 (0.004) |
Height, cm | 956 | 30,817 | 162.2 (0.30) | 877 | 25,152 | 163.1 (0.34) |
Model 1a
| Model 1 + unconjugated estradiolb
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geometric mean (95% CI) |
p-trendc
| %Δd
|
p-diffe
| Geometric mean (95% CI) |
p-trendc
| %Δd
|
p-diffe
| |||||
<25 kg/m2
| 25–29.9 kg/m2
| ≥30 kg/m2
| <25 kg/m2
| 25–29.9 kg/m2
| ≥30 kg/m2
| |||||||
Median, kg/m2
| 22.5 | 27.1 | 33.6 | 22.5 | 27.1 | 33.6 | ||||||
n
| 345 | 294 | 314 | 345 | 294 | 314 | ||||||
Weighted n
f
| 13,571 | 9351 | 7893 | 13,571 | 9351 | 7893 | ||||||
Estrone | 239 (201–284) | 337 (281–404) | 432 (355–525) |
<0.001
g
| 80.8 |
<0.001
g
| 313 (266–368) | 344 (296–399) | 326 (280–380) | 0.91 | 4.2 | 0.64 |
Conjugated | 179 (147–218) | 265 (217–324) | 348 (281–431) |
<0.001
g
| 94.4 |
<0.001
g
| 237 (197–284) | 271 (229–320) | 260 (218–310) | 0.59 | 9.7 | 0.35 |
Unconjugated | 51.3 (45.0–58.6) | 62.4 (55.1–70.6) | 75.6 (65.2–87.8) |
<0.001
g
| 47.4 |
<0.001
g
| 64.4 (57.5–72.1) | 63.4 (58.0–69.3) | 59.8 (54.2–65.9) | 0.13 | −7.1 | 0.24 |
Estradiol | 45.9 (37.6–56.1) | 59.0 (48.3–72.2) | 73.9 (60.0–91.0) |
<0.001
g
| 61.0 |
<0.001
g
| 60.7 (52.5–70.2) | 60.3 (52.7–68.8) | 55.3 (48.7–62.7) | 0.33 | −8.9 | 0.19 |
Conjugated | 31.0 (25.2–38.2) | 40.1 (32.3–49.8) | 45.9 (36.6–57.6) |
<0.001
g
| 48.1 |
<0.001
g
| 38.5 (31.7–46.9) | 40.7 (34.1–48.7) | 36.6 (30.6–43.8) | 0.99 | −4.9 | 0.61 |
Unconjugated | 10.2 (8.13–12.7) | 14.9 (12.2–18.2) | 23.5 (18.8–29.4) |
<0.001
g
| 130 |
<0.001
g
| NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
2-Hydroxyestrone | 55.6 (47.8–64.8) | 71.7 (61.5–83.5) | 82.9 (70.5–97.4) |
<0.001
g
| 49.1 |
<0.001
g
| 66.1 (56.7–77.0) | 72.6 (63.3–83.3) | 69.3 (59.6–80.6) | 0.83 | 4.8 | 0.59 |
2-Hydroxyestradiol | 14.2 (12.3–16.5) | 17.8 (15.2–20.7) | 20.4 (17.3–24.0) |
<0.001
g
| 43.7 |
<0.001
g
| 16.8 (14.4–19.5) | 18.0 (15.6–20.6) | 17.2 (14.8–20.1) | 0.69 | 2.4 | 0.76 |
2-Methoxyestrone | 37.8 (33.2–43.0) | 43.6 (38.4–49.5) | 47.7 (41.6–54.6) |
0.001
g
| 26.2 |
0.001
g
| 44.6 (39.5–50.3) | 44.2 (39.4–49.5) | 40.2 (35.6–45.4) | 0.05 | −9.9 | 0.15 |
Conjugated | 27.5 (23.9–31.6) | 32.2 (27.9–37.1) | 34.5 (29.7–40.2) |
0.002
g
| 25.5 |
0.004
g
| 31.8 (27.9–36.2) | 32.5 (28.6–37.0) | 29.7 (25.8–34.2) | 0.25 | −6.6 | 0.42 |
Unconjugated | 9.70 (8.39–11.2) | 10.5 (9.13–12.0) | 11.6 (10.0–13.5) |
0.02
h
| 19.6 |
0.03
h
| 12.0 (10.5–13.8) | 10.6 (9.29–12.2) | 9.29 (8.09–10.7) |
<0.001
g
| −22.6 |
0.001
h
|
2-Methoxyestradiol | 11.4 (9.63–13.5) | 13.5 (11.5–15.8) | 16.4 (13.7–19.7) |
<0.001
g
| 43.9 |
<0.001
g
| 13.7 (11.8–16.0) | 13.7 (12.0–15.6) | 13.6 (11.5–16.0) | 0.50 | −0.7 | 0.91 |
Conjugated | 9.02 (7.49–10.9) | 10.7 (8.88–12.9) | 13.4 (11.0–16.4) |
<0.001
g
| 48.6 |
<0.001
g
| 10.8 (9.01–12.8) | 10.9 (9.17–12.8) | 11.2 (9.27–13.5) | 0.83 | 3.7 | 0.70 |
Unconjugated | 1.91 (1.63–2.23) | 2.21 (1.90–2.57) | 2.36 (2.02–2.76) |
<0.001
g
| 23.6 |
0.006
g
| 2.37 (2.12–2.65) | 2.24 (1.99–2.53) | 1.88 (1.69–2.09) |
0.002
h
| −20.7 |
<0.001
g
|
2-Hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether | 6.74 (5.93–7.67) | 7.94 (6.89–9.14) | 8.72 (7.59–10.0) |
0.004
g
| 29.4 |
<0.001
g
| 7.68 (6.71–8.79) | 8.01 (7.02–9.15) | 7.62 (6.62–8.77) | 0.24 | −0.8 | 0.92 |
4-Hydroxyestrone | 6.77 (5.80–7.89) | 8.69 (7.47–10.1) | 10.2 (8.57–12.1) |
<0.001
g
| 50.7 |
<0.001
g
| 7.97 (6.82–9.32) | 8.80 (7.65–10.1) | 8.57 (7.27–10.1) | 0.96 | 7.5 | 0.44 |
4-Methoxyestrone | 3.93 (3.45–4.48) | 4.36 (3.87–4.92) | 4.86 (4.18–5.65) |
0.02
h
| 23.7 |
0.008
g
| 4.47 (3.89–5.13) | 4.40 (3.91–4.96) | 4.25 (3.65–4.94) | 0.19 | −4.9 | 0.58 |
4-Methoxyestradiol | 1.66 (1.41–1.95) | 1.87 (1.62–2.16) | 2.22 (1.86–2.65) |
<0.001
g
| 33.7 |
<0.001
g
| 1.95 (1.66–2.29) | 1.89 (1.65–2.16) | 1.87 (1.57–2.22) | 0.30 | −4.1 | 0.64 |
16α-Hydroxyestrone | 27.5 (23.4–32.4) | 35.8 (30.6–42.0) | 41.6 (35.0–49.4) |
<0.001
g
| 51.3 |
<0.001
g
| 32.8 (27.8–38.6) | 36.3 (31.4–41.9) | 34.7 (29.5–40.8) | 0.92 | 5.8 | 0.54 |
Estriol | 114 (97.0–133) | 155 (133–181) | 178 (151–211) |
<0.001
g
| 56.1 |
<0.001
g
| 137 (117–160) | 157 (137–181) | 147 (125–172) | 0.94 | 7.3 | 0.45 |
Conjugated | 87.1 (73.0–104) | 124 (105–147) | 143 (118–172) |
<0.001
g
| 64.2 |
<0.001
g
| 105 (88.2–125) | 126 (108–147) | 118 (98.3–141) | 0.60 | 12.4 | 0.28 |
Unconjugated | 23.2 (20.1–26.6) | 27.4 (24.0–31.4) | 33.0 (28.3–38.4) |
<0.001
g
| 42.2 |
<0.001
g
| 27.9 (24.5–31.7) | 27.8 (24.5–31.6) | 27.2 (23.6–31.3) | 0.29 | −2.5 | 0.74 |
16-Ketoestradiol | 29.1 (24.7–34.3) | 38.2 (32.4–45.1) | 44.3 (37.2–52.9) |
<0.001
g
| 52.2 |
<0.001
g
| 34.7 (29.4–40.9) | 38.7 (33.3–45.0) | 37.0 (31.3–43.7) | 0.95 | 6.6 | 0.50 |
16-Epiestriol | 12.9 (11.1–14.9) | 16.4 (14.0–19.2) | 19.3 (16.5–22.6) |
<0.001
g
| 49.6 |
<0.001
g
| 15.1 (13.1–17.4) | 16.6 (14.4–19.1) | 16.4 (14.1–19.0) | 0.78 | 8.6 | 0.31 |
17-Epiestriol | 10.8 (9.37–12.3) | 13.5 (11.6–15.6) | 16.4 (14.0–19.3) |
<0.001
g
| 51.9 |
<0.001
g
| 12.6 (11.0–14.4) | 13.6 (12.0–15.5) | 13.9 (12.0–16.2) | 0.72 | 10.3 | 0.21 |
Geometric means (95% CI)a
|
p-trendb
| %Δc
|
p-diffd
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<25 kg/m2
| 25–29.9 kg/m2
| ≥30 kg/m2
| ||||
Median (kg/m2) | 22.4 | 27.2 | 33.1 | |||
n
| 445 | 257 | 175 | |||
Weighted n
e
| 11,498 | 7844 | 5810 | |||
Estrone | 3201 (2433–4212) | 2668 (1960–3632) | 3201 (2291–4472) | 0.46 | 0.0 | 1.00 |
Conjugated | 2930 (2208–3887) | 2473 (1801–3396) | 2896 (2046–4098) | 0.48 | −1.2 | 0.94 |
Unconjugated | 227 (186–277) | 191 (150–244) | 205 (158–264) | 0.18 | −9.7 | 0.38 |
Estradiol | 444 (339–582) | 390 (292–522) | 414 (300–572) | 0.13 | −6.8 | 0.62 |
Conjugated | 368 (273–497) | 327 (237–450) | 341 (238–486) | 0.13 | −7.3 | 0.63 |
Unconjugated | 42.5 (33.8–53.5) | 42.9 (33.1–55.7) | 50.8 (38.5–66.9) | 0.15 | 19.5 | 0.17 |
2-Hydroxyestrone | 462 (378–565) | 382 (300–486) | 422 (331–539) | 0.21 | −8.7 | 0.42 |
2-Hydroxyestradiol | 109 (90.6–131) | 89.1 (70.9–112) | 98.3 (77.7–124) | 0.16 | −9.8 | 0.35 |
2-Methoxyestrone | 280 (236–333) | 219 (180–266) | 216 (174–268) |
0.008
| −22.9 |
0.02
|
Conjugated | 174 (142–215) | 135 (108–169) | 139 (109–177) |
0.04
| −20.1 | 0.05 |
Unconjugated | 78.8 (62.4–99.5) | 62.5 (45.6–85.8) | 56.3 (41.3–76.8) |
<0.001
f
| −28.6 |
0.02
|
2-Methoxyestradiol | 92.6 (72.7–118) | 70.1 (54.1–90.8) | 73.7 (57.4–94.6) |
0.02
| −20.4 |
0.03
|
Conjugated | 80.9 (62.0–105) | 58.3 (43.8–77.5) | 60.8 (46.3–79.7) |
0.001
g
| −24.8 |
0.01
|
Unconjugated | 8.90 (7.56–10.5) | 8.43 (6.86–10.4) | 8.08 (6.49–10.1) | 0.19 | −9.2 | 0.38 |
2-Hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether | 44.2 (36.7–53.2) | 34.8 (28.3–42.6) | 36.8 (29.3–46.3) |
0.04
| −16.7 | 0.09 |
4-Hydroxyestrone | 61.6 (50.2–75.5) | 51.3 (40.2–65.4) | 57.0 (44.4–73.1) | 0.26 | −7.5 | 0.50 |
4-Methoxyestrone | 28.9 (24.2–34.6) | 23.1 (19.0–28.0) | 23.1 (18.7–28.6) |
0.02
| −20.1 |
0.04
|
4-Methoxyestradiol | 12.3 (9.51–16.0) | 9.61 (7.26–12.7) | 9.98 (7.52–13.2) |
0.04
| −18.9 | 0.07 |
16α-Hydroxyestrone | 247 (200–304) | 200 (155–257) | 227 (177–292) | 0.28 | −8.1 | 0.48 |
Estriol | 1136 (897–1438) | 966 (740–1261) | 1075 (812–1424) | 0.36 | −5.4 | 0.67 |
Conjugated | 988 (772–1264) | 844 (638–1117) | 914 (680–1227) | 0.35 | −7.5 | 0.57 |
Unconjugated | 129 (106–158) | 113 (89.3–142) | 116 (90.3–148) | 0.12 | −10.1 | 0.29 |
16-Ketoestradiol | 286 (231–354) | 229 (178–295) | 262 (203–339) | 0.30 | −8.4 | 0.47 |
16-Epiestriol | 86.7 (71.1–106) | 70.2 (56.5–87.3) | 79.5 (62.7–101) | 0.21 | −8.3 | 0.44 |
17-Epiestriol | 58.2 (47.6–71.3) | 46.5 (37.2–58.1) | 51.9 (40.6–66.4) | 0.28 | −10.8 | 0.31 |
Current body mass index
Waist-to-hip ratio
Model 1a
| Model 1 + current BMIb
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geometric means (95% CI) |
p-trendc
| %Δd
|
p-diffe
| Geometric means (95% CI) |
p-trendc
| %Δd
|
p-diffe
| |||||
<0.76 | 0.76–0.82 | ≥0.83 | <0.76 | 0.76–0.82 | ≥0.83 | |||||||
Median | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.87 | ||||||
n
| 229 | 340 | 383 | 229 | 340 | 383 | ||||||
Weighted n
f
| 7616 | 10,905 | 12,199 | 7616 | 10,905 | 12,199 | ||||||
Estrone | 286 (231–354) | 290 (243–347) | 348 (292–415) |
0.003
g
| 21.7 | 0.07 | 345 (276–431) | 320 (268–382) | 327 (276–388) | 0.80 | −5.2 | 0.64 |
Conjugated | 216 (170–274) | 229 (188–279) | 271 (223–329) |
0.002
g
| 25.5 | 0.06 | 265 (207–341) | 255 (209–312) | 253 (209–306) | 0.77 | −4.5 | 0.69 |
Unconjugated | 62.4 (53.6–72.5) | 53.0 (46.4–60.6) | 66.7 (58.7–75.8) | 0.05 | 6.9 | 0.39 | 70.8 (61.1–82.0) | 56.7 (49.9–64.4) | 63.9 (56.6–72.2) | 0.53 | −9.7 | 0.19 |
Estradiol | 50.2 (39.5–63.8) | 53.1 (43.9–64.2) | 62.5 (51.3–76.1) |
0.01
g
| 24.5 |
0.04
| 59.0 (47.0–74.1) | 57.8 (48.1–69.5) | 59.2 (48.7–72.0) | 0.98 | 0.3 | 0.98 |
Conjugated | 31.8 (24.7–40.9) | 36.5 (30.0–44.6) | 40.6 (32.8–50.3) |
0.04
| 27.7 |
0.04
| 36.4 (28.5–46.5) | 39.2 (32.3–47.7) | 38.8 (31.4–48.1) | 0.88 | 6.6 | 0.59 |
Unconjugated | 13.9 (10.7–18.2) | 11.6 (9.20–14.5) | 17.5 (14.3–21.4) |
<0.001
h
| 25.9 |
0.04
| 18.5 (14.5–23.4) | 13.4 (10.9–16.5) | 15.9 (13.2–19.3) | 0.89 | −14.1 | 0.19 |
2-Hydroxyestrone | 62.6 (52.1–75.1) | 64.5 (55.7–74.7) | 72.1 (62.2–83.7) |
0.01
g
| 15.2 | 0.11 | 69.9 (57.9–84.4) | 68.4 (58.9–79.3) | 69.5 (59.8–80.8) | 0.64 | −0.6 | 0.95 |
2-Hydroxyestradiol | 16.0 (13.4–19.1) | 16.3 (14.1–18.9) | 17.8 (15.3–20.6) | 0.05 | 11.3 | 0.23 | 17.8 (14.8–21.3) | 17.3 (14.9–20.0) | 17.2 (14.8–20.0) | 0.96 | −3.4 | 0.71 |
2-Methoxyestrone | 45.4 (39.0–52.7) | 40.2 (35.5–45.7) | 43.1 (38.1–48.7) | 0.69 | −5.1 | 0.51 | 49.3 (42.1–57.7) | 42.0 (37.0–47.8) | 41.9 (37.1–47.5) | 0.18 | −15.0 | 0.05 |
Conjugated | 32.0 (27.1–37.9) | 30.3 (26.4–34.7) | 31.1 (27.1–35.6) | 0.64 | −2.8 | 0.73 | 34.9 (29.3–41.5) | 31.7 (27.6–36.3) | 30.2 (26.4–34.7) | 0.26 | −13.5 | 0.12 |
Unconjugated | 12.4 (10.5–14.7) | 9.21 (7.96–10.7) | 10.9 (9.61–12.3) | 1.00 | −12.1 | 0.12 | 13.3 (11.2–15.8) | 9.56 (8.24–11.1) | 10.6 (9.38–12.0) | 0.22 | −20.3 |
0.01
|
2-Methoxyestradiol | 13.3 (11.1–16.0) | 12.7 (10.8–14.9) | 14.0 (11.8–16.5) |
0.04
| 5.3 | 0.62 | 15.0 (12.5–18.0) | 13.5 (11.5–15.9) | 13.4 (11.4–15.9) | 0.98 | −10.7 | 0.22 |
Conjugated | 10.4 (8.49–12.6) | 10.2 (8.47–12.2) | 11.2 (9.32–13.6) |
0.02
g
| 7.7 | 0.39 | 11.7 (9.54–14.3) | 10.8 (9.02–13.0) | 10.8 (8.94–13.1) | 0.70 | −7.7 | 0.44 |
Unconjugated | 2.41 (2.01–2.89) | 1.96 (1.69–2.27) | 2.17 (1.88–2.50) | 0.96 | −10.0 | 0.20 | 2.69 (2.26–3.20) | 2.07 (1.80–2.40) | 2.10 (1.81–2.42) | 0.06 | −21.9 |
0.003
|
2-Hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether | 7.80 (6.62–9.19) | 7.29 (6.40–8.31) | 7.89 (6.96–8.95) | 0.31 | 1.2 | 0.89 | 8.35 (7.01–9.94) | 7.56 (6.60–8.65) | 7.72 (6.79–8.77) | 0.76 | −7.5 | 0.36 |
4-Hydroxyestrone | 7.66 (6.35–9.23) | 7.79 (6.71–9.03) | 8.82 (7.59–10.2) |
0.01
g
| 15.1 | 0.13 | 8.57 (7.05–10.4) | 8.26 (7.10–9.60) | 8.50 (7.30–9.89) | 0.48 | −0.8 | 0.93 |
4-Methoxyestrone | 4.60 (3.96–5.35) | 4.01 (3.55–4.54) | 4.46 (3.92–5.08) | 0.56 | −3.0 | 0.71 | 4.90 (4.19–5.73) | 4.15 (3.66–4.71) | 4.37 (3.84–4.98) | 0.51 | −10.8 | 0.17 |
4-Methoxyestradiol | 1.95 (1.62–2.34) | 1.74 (1.49–2.02) | 1.95 (1.67–2.29) | 0.22 | 0.0 | 0.97 | 2.14 (1.79–2.57) | 1.82 (1.57–2.13) | 1.89 (1.61–2.22) | 0.74 | −11.7 | 0.19 |
16α-Hydroxyestrone | 31.2 (25.7–37.8) | 32.0 (27.4–37.3) | 36.0 (30.8–42.1) |
0.01
g
| 15.4 | 0.13 | 35.0 (28.7–42.8) | 34.0 (29.0–39.7) | 34.7 (29.6–40.7) | 0.60 | −0.9 | 0.92 |
Estriol | 130 (107–159) | 133 (114–155) | 156 (134–181) |
0.005
g
| 20.0 | 0.07 | 148 (120–181) | 142 (121–166) | 149 (129–173) | 0.46 | 0.7 | 0.90 |
Conjugated | 97.3 (78.1–121) | 106 (89.8–126) | 123 (105–146) |
0.002
g
| 26.4 |
0.03
| 111 (89.0–140) | 114 (96.2–136) | 118 (99.8–139) | 0.34 | 6.3 | 0.61 |
Unconjugated | 29.3 (24.8–34.7) | 23.3 (20.3–26.8) | 29.1 (25.5–33.1) | 0.13 | −0.7 | 0.92 | 32.7 (27.5–39.0) | 24.7 (21.5–28.4) | 28.0 (24.6–31.9) | 0.67 | −14.4 | 0.09 |
16-Ketoestradiol | 33.5 (27.5–40.8) | 33.6 (28.7–39.3) | 38.5 (32.9–45.1) |
0.01
g
| 14.9 | 0.16 | 37.6 (30.6–46.2) | 35.7 (30.4–42.0) | 37.1 (31.5–43.6) | 0.53 | −1.3 | 0.88 |
16-Epiestriol | 14.4 (12.1–17.1) | 14.8 (12.8–17.1) | 16.7 (14.4–19.4) |
0.02
g
| 16.0 | 0.07 | 16.1 (13.4–19.3) | 15.7 (13.5–18.2) | 16.1 (13.9–18.7) | 0.93 | 0.0 | 0.99 |
17-Epiestriol | 12.1 (10.2–14.4) | 12.1 (10.5–13.9) | 14.1 (12.2–16.3) |
0.01
g
| 16.5 | 0.07 | 13.6 (11.4–16.2) | 12.9 (11.1–14.9) | 13.6 (11.8–15.7) | 0.84 | 0.0 | 0.98 |
Height
Never and former menopausal hormone therapy users | Current menopausal hormone therapy users | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geometric means (95% CI)a
|
p-trendb
| %Δc
|
p-diffd
| Geometric means (95% CI)a
|
p-trendb
| %Δc
|
p-diffd
| |||||
<160 cm | 160–164.9 cm | ≥165 cm | <160 cm | 160–164.9 cm | ≥165 cm | |||||||
Median, cm | 155.9 | 162.4 | 167.9 | 156.5 | 162.5 | 168.7 | ||||||
n
| 333 | 310 | 313 | 289 | 269 | 319 | ||||||
Weighted n
e
| 10,171 | 10,625 | 10,021 | 7764 | 7588 | 9800 | ||||||
Estrone | 288 (240–345) | 338 (285–402) | 300 (241–373) | 0.27 | 4.2 | 0.67 | 3256 (2420–4383) | 2926 (2079–4117) | 3019 (2215–4117) | 0.77 | −7.3 | 0.57 |
Conjugated | 220 (180–270) | 267 (221–324) | 233 (183–297) | 0.25 | 5.9 | 0.61 | 2963 (2185–4018) | 2735 (1920–3895) | 2728 (1985–3750) | 0.69 | −7.9 | 0.55 |
Unconjugated | 58.6 (51.1–67.2) | 62.6 (55.0–71.4) | 57.7 (49.4–67.5) | 0.69 | −1.5 | 0.85 | 229 (181–289) | 196 (152–253) | 213 (167–271) | 0.94 | −7.0 | 0.51 |
Estradiol | 53.3 (42.9–66.1) | 61.2 (50.7–73.9) | 51.6 (41.4–64.4) | 0.51 | −3.2 | 0.75 | 443 (327–600) | 399 (288–555) | 425 (313–578) | 0.91 | −4.1 | 0.75 |
Conjugated | 34.9 (27.6–44.1) | 41.2 (33.9–50.1) | 33.5 (26.6–42.1) | 0.65 | −4.0 | 0.69 | 370 (266–515) | 335 (233–482) | 346 (247–483) | 0.64 | −6.5 | 0.63 |
Unconjugated | 13.8 (11.0–17.2) | 14.9 (12.0–18.6) | 13.8 (10.7–17.8) | 0.45 | 0.0 | 0.99 | 45.5 (35.5–58.3) | 42.2 (32.2–55.3) | 43.0 (33.3–55.7) | 0.41 | −5.5 | 0.64 |
2-Hydroxyestrone | 64.9 (55.1–76.5) | 69.5 (60.1–80.3) | 62.8 (53.1–74.2) | 0.98 | −3.2 | 0.68 | 448 (358–560) | 407 (315–527) | 439 (347–556) | 0.90 | −2.0 | 0.86 |
2-Hydroxyestradiol | 16.2 (13.7–19.1) | 17.4 (15.1–20.0) | 16.0 (13.5–18.8) | 0.88 | −1.2 | 0.86 | 103 (82.9–128) | 96.9 (76.3–123) | 105 (83.8–132) | 0.82 | 1.9 | 0.87 |
2-Methoxyestrone | 44.6 (39.0–50.9) | 41.9 (37.1–47.2) | 37.6 (32.6–43.3) | 0.23 | −15.7 |
0.02
| 269 (220–329) | 227 (183–280) | 264 (212–327) | 0.75 | −1.9 | 0.84 |
Conjugated | 33.2 (28.8–38.3) | 30.3 (26.5–34.7) | 27.0 (23.1–31.5) | 0.14 | −18.7 |
0.01
| 165 (133–207) | 145 (114–183) | 164 (129–208) | 0.96 | −0.6 | 0.91 |
Unconjugated | 10.2 (8.83–11.8) | 10.7 (9.36–12.2) | 9.92 (8.48–11.6) | 0.82 | −2.7 | 0.74 | 75.7 (56.4–102) | 64.1 (47.8–85.9) | 73.3 (53.9–99.6) | 0.66 | −3.2 | 0.82 |
2-Methoxyestradiol | 13.7 (11.4–16.4) | 13.0 (11.2–15.2) | 12.3 (10.3–14.8) | 0.66 | −10.2 | 0.24 | 84.0 (65.4–108) | 78.5 (60.2–102) | 89.2 (68.5–116) | 0.69 | 6.2 | 0.58 |
Conjugated | 11.1 (9.10–13.6) | 10.4 (8.71–12.3) | 9.72 (7.96–11.9) | 0.61 | −12.4 | 0.17 | 71.3 (54.3–93.5) | 68.1 (51.0–91.0) | 76.0 (57.0–101) | 0.81 | 6.6 | 0.58 |
Unconjugated | 2.08 (1.76–2.45) | 2.11 (1.81–2.45) | 2.06 (1.75–2.43) | 0.91 | −1.0 | 0.91 | 9.31 (7.68–11.3) | 7.48 (6.12–9.15) | 8.96 (7.35–10.9) | 0.62 | −3.8 | 0.72 |
2-Hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether | 7.50 (6.55–8.58) | 7.68 (6.75–8.73) | 7.44 (6.45–8.58) | 0.71 | −0.8 | 0.92 | 41.4 (33.7–50.9) | 36.8 (29.6–45.8) | 43.1 (34.6–53.7) | 0.46 | 4.1 | 0.69 |
4-Hydroxyestrone | 7.99 (6.75–9.46) | 8.46 (7.31–9.80) | 7.55 (6.39–8.92) | 0.90 | −5.5 | 0.50 | 59.2 (47.3–74.1) | 54.9 (42.2–71.4) | 59.6 (47.0–75.5) | 0.96 | 0.7 | 0.95 |
4-Methoxyestrone | 4.59 (3.96–5.33) | 4.24 (3.78–4.76) | 3.90 (3.41–4.46) | 0.21 | −15.0 |
0.03
| 27.7 (23.0–33.4) | 23.0 (18.5–28.6) | 28.9 (23.5–35.6) | 0.51 | 4.3 | 0.66 |
4-Methoxyestradiol | 1.92 (1.60–2.30) | 1.84 (1.59–2.13) | 1.74 (1.47–2.04) | 0.55 | −9.4 | 0.22 | 11.3 (8.75–14.7) | 10.2 (7.54–13.7) | 12.4 (9.39–16.3) | 0.63 | 9.7 | 0.46 |
16α-Hydroxyestrone | 32.3 (27.1–38.4) | 34.8 (29.9–40.5) | 31.1 (26.1–37.1) | 0.98 | −3.7 | 0.67 | 241 (191–304) | 214 (163–281) | 233 (182–298) | 0.74 | −3.3 | 0.77 |
Estriol | 135 (114–159) | 148 (127–173) | 135 (113–161) | 0.51 | 0.0 | 1.00 | 1127 (880–1444) | 1019 (751–1381) | 1076 (828–1399) | 0.51 | −4.5 | 0.69 |
Conjugated | 104 (86.7–125) | 119 (100–140) | 105 (86.6–128) | 0.50 | 1.0 | 0.90 | 973 (752–1261) | 887 (643–1223) | 928 (705–1222) | 0.44 | −4.6 | 0.71 |
Unconjugated | 27.4 (23.6–31.7) | 26.5 (23.1–30.4) | 25.6 (22.1–29.7) | 0.81 | −6.6 | 0.40 | 134 (108–166) | 109 (83.7–141) | 121 (96.7–152) | 0.66 | −9.7 | 0.30 |
16-Ketoestradiol | 34.4 (28.9–41.0) | 36.5 (31.3–42.7) | 33.8 (28.3–40.5) | 0.70 | −1.7 | 0.85 | 279 (221–352) | 252 (191–332) | 265 (207–341) | 0.60 | −5.0 | 0.67 |
16-Epiestriol | 14.5 (12.4–16.9) | 16.4 (14.2–18.8) | 14.8 (12.6–17.5) | 0.47 | 2.1 | 0.78 | 83.0 (66.8–103) | 77.1 (60.4–98.5) | 82.5 (65.5–104) | 1.00 | −0.6 | 0.96 |
17-Epiestriol | 11.9 (10.2–13.9) | 13.7 (11.9–15.6) | 12.9 (10.9–15.2) | 0.30 | 8.4 | 0.30 | 56.4 (45.3–70.4) | 49.7 (38.7–63.6) | 54.9 (43.3–69.6) | 0.90 | −2.7 | 0.81 |