Background
Methods
Study design
Recruitment, patients and data collection
Surveys
Statistics
Results
Survey response
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics
Allergic rhinitis severity | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Mild (n = 254) | Moderate/severe (n = 746) | ||
Age, mean (sd) | 44.1 (13.0) | 42.1 (11.8) | 0.0274 |
Gender, n (%) female | 175 (68.9) | 503 (67.4) | 0.665 |
Ethnicity, n (%)
| |||
White | 226 (89.0) | 666 (89.3) | 0.894 |
Asian | 16 (6.3) | 41 (5.5) | 0.633 |
Black | 3 (1.2) | 25 (3.4) | 0.070 |
Mixed | 5 (2.0) | 5 (0.7) | 0.072 |
No response | 4 (1.6) | 9 (1.2) | 0.654 |
Allergen sensitivity (self-reported)
| |||
Grass pollen | 165 (65.0) | 579 (77.6) | <0.001 |
Tree pollen | 119 (46.9) | 462 (61.9) | <0.001 |
Weed pollen | 56 (22.0) | 259 (34.7) | <0.001 |
Animals | 57 (22.4) | 231 (31.0) | <0.001 |
Mites | 29 (11.4) | 163 (21.8) | <0.001 |
Moulds | 25 (9.8) | 152 (20.4) | <0.001 |
Not sure | 57 (22.4) | 96 (12.9) | <0.001 |
Other | 25 (9.8) | 83 (11.1) | 0.569 |
No. symptom episodes/year, median | 6.0 | 8.0 | 0.025 |
No. days/episode
| |||
Mean (SD) | 9.8 (18.1) | 12.5 (20.2) | 0.0041 |
Median | 4.0 | 5.0 | 0.013 |
Asthma diagnosis, n (%) | 70 (30.4) | 257 (35.8) | 0.1368 |
Sensitization pattern
Episode pattern and duration
Medication usage
SAR severity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild (n = 254) | Moderate/severe (n = 746) | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | P value | |
Taking medication, n (%) | 230 (90.6) | 718 (96.2) | 2.68 (1.45, 4.89) | 0.0004 |
Oral medications, n (%)
|
184 (80.0 %)
|
605 (84.3 %)
|
1.34 (0.89, 1.98)
|
0.1322
|
Cetirizine | 82 (44.6) | 313 (51.7) | 1.33 (0.94, 1.89) | 0.0885 |
Loratadine | 61 (33.2) | 195 (32.2) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.39) | 0.8153 |
Chlorphenamine | 61 (33.2) | 178 (29.4) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.22) | 0.3349 |
Pseudoephedrine | 14 (7.6) | 92 (15.2) | 2.18 (1.19, 4.25) | 0.0081 |
Phenylephrine | 7 (3.8) | 33 (5.5) | 1.46 (0.62, 3.97) | 0.3716 |
Acrivastine | 20 (10.9) | 82 (13.6) | 1.29 (0.75, 2.28) | 0.3420 |
Levocetirizine | 0 (0) | 19 (3.1) | – | 0.011 |
Fexofenadine | 10 (5.4) | 38 (6.3) | 1.17 (0.56, 2.68) | 0.6741 |
Desloratadine | 3 (1.6) | 24 (4.0) | 2.49 (0.74, 13.06) | 0.1651 |
Other | 17 (9.2) | 57 (9.4) | 1.02 (0.57, 1.93) | 0.9408 |
Nasal sprays, n (%)
|
134 (58.3 %)
|
479 (66.7 %)
|
1.44 (1.05, 1.97)
|
0.0196
|
Fluticasone propionate | 96 (71.6) | 338 (70.6) | 0.95 (0.60, 1.47) | 0.8083 |
Beclomethasone | 33 (24.6) | 110 (23.0) | 0.91 (0.57, 1.48) | 0.6875 |
Mometasone | 4 (3.0) | 31 (6.5) | 2.25 (0.77, 8.92) | 0.1241 |
Fluticasone furoate | 4 (3.0) | 12 (2.5) | 0.89 (0.26, 3.84) | 0.8401 |
Flunisolide | 1 (0.8) | 12 (2.5) | 3.42 (0.50, 147.15) | 0.2116 |
Budesonide | 2 (1.5) | 10 (2.1) | 1.41 (0.29, 13.36) | 0.6602 |
Ipratropium bromide | 0 (0) | 5 (1.0) | – | 0.29 |
Other | 18 (13.4) | 48 (10.0) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.36) | 0.2600 |
Oxymetazoline | 9 (6.7) | 39 (8.1) | 1.23 (0.57, 2.97) | 0.5871 |
Azelastine | 25 (18.7) | 106 (22.1) | 1.23 (0.75, 2.10) | 0.3860 |
Ocular medications, n (%)
|
72 (31.3 %)
|
275 (38.3 %)
|
1.36 (0.98, 1.90)
|
0.0552
|
Sodium cromoglicate | 14 (19.4) | 82 (29.8) | 1.76 (0.91, 3.61) | 0.0798 |
Antazoline | 12 (16.7) | 50 (18.2) | 1.11 (0.54, 2.44) | 0.7651 |
Xylometazoline | 9 (12.5) | 36 (13.1) | 1.05 (0.47, 2.62) | 0.8943 |
Azelastine | 3 (4.2) | 13 (4.7) | 1.14 (0.30, 6.41) | 0.8400 |
Olopatadine | 3 (4.2) | 17 (6.2) | 1.52 (0.42, 8.29) | 0.5137 |
Lodoxamide trometamol | 1 (1.4) | 9 (3.3) | 2.40 (0.32, 106.74) | 0.3950 |
Other | 33 (45.8) | 98 (35.6) | 0.65 (0.37, 1.15) | 0.1121 |
Co-medicating, n (%)
|
129 (56.1)
|
506 (70.5)
|
1.87 (1.36, 2.56)
|
0.0001
|
Reported reason for co-medicating, n (%) | ||||
More effective nasal treatment | 55 (42.6) | 295 (58.3) | 1.88 (1.25, 2.84) | 0.0014 |
More effective ocular treatment | 54 (41.9) | 209 (41.3) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.48) | 0.9089 |
Faster nasal response | 22 (17.1) | 116 (22.9) | 1.45 (0.86, 2.52) | 0.1490 |
Faster ocular | 13 (10.1) | 57 (11.3) | 1.13 (0.59, 2.33) | 0.7007 |
Other | 18 (19.0) | 48 (9.5) | 0.65 (0.35, 1.23) | 0.1378 |
Symptom burden
Symptom | Symptom severity | SAR severity | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild (n = 254) | Moderate/severe (n = 746) | |||
Nasal symptoms of the rTNSS
| ||||
Nasal itch, n (%) | None | 63 (24.8) | 87 (11.7) | <0.001 |
Mild | 128 (50.4) | 298 (39.9) | 0.004 | |
Moderate | 54 (21.3) | 283 (37.9) | <0.001 | |
Severe | 9 (3.5) | 78 (10.5) | 0.001 | |
Nasal congestion, n (%) | None | 67 (26.4) | 61 (8.2) | <0.001 |
Mild | 102 (40.2) | 226 (30.3) | 0.004 | |
Moderate | 67 (26.4) | 312 (41.8) | <0.001 | |
Severe | 18 (7.1) | 147 (19.7) | <0.001 | |
Rhinorrhea, n (%) | None | 82 (32.3) | 111 (14.9) | <0.001 |
Mild | 102 (40.2) | 241 (32.3) | 0.023 | |
Moderate | 56 (22.0) | 279 (37.4) | <0.001 | |
Severe | 14 (5.5) | 115 (15.4) | <0.001 | |
Sneezing, n (%) | None | 55 (21.7) | 68 (9.1) | <0.001 |
Mild | 108 (42.5) | 256 (34.3) | 0.019 | |
Moderate | 75 (29.5) | 281 (37.7) | 0.019 | |
Severe | 16 (6.3) | 141 (18.9) | <0.001 | |
Ocular symptoms of the rTOSS
| ||||
Ocular itch, n (%) | None | 51 (20.1) | 97 (13.0) | 0.006 |
Mild | 102 (40.2) | 206 (27.6) | <0.001 | |
Moderate | 74 (29.1) | 276 (37.0) | 0.023 | |
Severe | 27 (10.6) | 167 (22.4) | <0.001 | |
Ocular watering, n (%) | None | 70 (27.6) | 154 (20.6) | 0.022 |
Mild | 102 (40.2) | 220 (29.5) | 0.002 | |
Moderate | 64 (25.2) | 239 (32.0) | 0.040 | |
Severe | 18 (7.1) | 133 (17.8) | <0.001 | |
Ocular redness, n (%) | None | 91 (35.8) | 183 (24.5) | <0.001 |
Mild | 106 (41.7) | 316 (42.4) | 0.861 | |
Moderate | 51 (20.1) | 209 (28.0) | 0.013 | |
Severe | 6 (2.4) | 38 (5.1) | 0.067 |