The pooled data showed that TGF-β could promote the proliferation and osteogenesis of dental pulp stem cells. All the outcomes summarized supported this conclusion except for the number of mineralized nodules: TGF-β increased the A490 index, promoted the production of BSP, promoted the expression of Col-1 and Runx-2, increased the content of OCN in dental pulp, and had no significant effect on the number of mineralized nodules in dental pulp stem cells. Samples included in this study were from mammalian and human dental pulps. Mammalian multipotent stem cells and multipotent stem cells have suitable homology and similarity. Hence, we combined the indicators of these samples to obtain a conclusion applicable to mammals and humans. The TGF-β family consists of 33 members, such as TGF-βs, activators, inhibin, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). TGF-βs [
25] are mainly divided into TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3. Among them, TGF-β1 in TGF-βs has molecular functions, such as regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and wound healing, which has been reported to play an essential role in the pathophysiological processes, such as liver fibrosis [
25‐
28]. However, it needs to be noted that there is a review about the part of TGF-β on articular cartilage. In cartilage formation, TGF-β triggers the aggregation of MSC. After aggregation, TGF-β signaling further stimulates chondrocyte proliferation and inhibits chondrocyte hypertrophy and maturation, which may challenge our conclusion [
29]. Human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) are adult stem cells derived from ectoderm and derived migrating neural crest cells. DPSCs can differentiate into odontoblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, muscle cells, and neuronal cells under suitable culture conditions in vitro and in vivo. The ability of dental differentiation is very essential in oral research [
30]. It has been reported that osteogenic induction can significantly enhance the mineralization ability of DPSCs, and TGF-β is a potent inducer of osteogenesis [
31‐
33]. However, previous studies have drawn different conclusions on the osteogenic induction of DPSCs by TGF-β, especially on the role of TGF-β in promoting dental pulp mineralization. This review aims to determine the effects of TGF-β on the osteogenesis and proliferation of the dental pulp stem cells and to add new evidence for the physiological effects of TGF-β on mammals and humans.