Key points
-
When resistance training (RT) are equated for weekly training volume, low frequency (LF; 1 days week− 1), and high frequency (HF; ≥ 3 days week− 1) produce similar strength gains in combined multi-joint strength and isolation exercises.
-
The use of LF training may be an appropriate intersession frequency dose to produce strength gains for untrained or older individuals. However, for muscular strength progression, the use of HF training can be used as an effective method of increasing weekly training volume that may contribute to an increase in strength.
-
These findings also suggest that due to the absence of quality experimental data, it remains unclear whether RT frequency on its own has effects on muscular strength. More investigations and replication studies using appropriate study designs and comparable subject samples are required to explore the effects of different weekly training frequencies.
Background
Methods
Literature Search
Eligibility Criteria
Search Strategy
Assessment of Methodological Quality of Studies
Meta-Analyses
Heterogeneity and Risk of Bias
Results
Study Selection
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
---|---|
Strength assessment of one or more muscle groups used (isolation exercises, e.g. leg extension with stress gauge). | Small subject sample groups (e.g. n < 6) |
Minimum duration of training intervention is 3 weeks; longitudinal studies would be preferred (greater than 12 weeks). | Legal or illegal ergogenic aids or supplementation has been used during interventions. |
Preferred if control group included within research design with subjects randomly assigned to groups. | Variation within the training order throughout the weeks. |
RT program supervised with the RT intervention of similar order and if applicable inter-set recovery periods standardised for multiple sets. | No quasi RCT or narrative studies/reviews to be included. |
Conducted warm-up is standardised between groups. | Subjects below 18 years of age. |
Subjects trained to volitional fatigue with appropriate criteria regarding training intensity. | Did not report results adequately (pre- to post-mean and standard deviation). |
Comparison of one vs. two, and ≥ three training session per week. | Examined the effects of concurrent training (i.e. combined RT and endurance training). |
Investigated the effects of nutritional supplements in combination with RT. | |
Concurrent aerobic and strength training interventions. |
Author (ref) | PEDro scale item | Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1a | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
Carroll et al. [11] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
McLester et al. [17] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Brigatto et al. [22] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Gentil et al. [44] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Murlasits et al. [45] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Silva et al. [46] | Yes | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
DiFranciso-Donoghue et al. [47] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Lera Orsatti et al. [48] | Yes | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Candow and Burke [49] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Schoenfeld et al. [50] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Thomas and Burns [51] | Yes | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Arazi and Asadi [52] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Study |
N
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | Duration | Testing modality | Sets (reps) | Days trained per week | Frequency per week | Pre- vs. post-intervention kg, mean ± SD | Pre- vs. post-intervention strength difference kg (% change) | p value (pre vs. post) | ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gomes et al. [20] | 12 11 | 25.5 (± 1.25) 27.1 (± 1.85) | 8 weeks | Sq | 5–10 (8–12) | 1 5 | LF HF | 132.9 ± 28.0 vs. 140.9 ± 25.5 123.3 ± 17.5 vs. 135.3 ± 22.2 | 8 (6.02) 12 (9.73) | 0.47 0.17 | 0.30 0.60 |
Gomes et al. [20] | 12 11 | 25.5 (± 1.25) 27.1 (± 1.85) | 8 weeks | BP | 5–10 (8–12) | 1 5 | LF HF | 103.5 ± 15.4 vs. 109.1 ± 18.5 100.6 ± 14.5 vs. 110.3 ± 12.1 | 5.6 (5.41) 9.7 (9.64) | 0.43 0.10 | 0.33 0.73 |
Serra et al. [21] | 26 32 16 | 35.3 (± 1.75) 34 (± 2) 34.85 (± 0.85) | 3 months | WG PullD | 3 (10–20) | 2 3 4 | MF HF HF | 42.6 ± 20.7 vs. 48.5 ± 20.7 44.4 ± 13.9 vs. 51.3 ± 13.9 40.6 ± 20.3 vs. 48.6 ± 21.8 | 5.9 (13.8) 6.9 (13.5) 8 (16.5) | ≤ 0.001 a ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 0.29 0.50 0.38 |
Serra et al. [21] | 26 32 16 | 35.3 (± 1.75) 34 (± 2) 34.85 (± 0.85) | 3 months | CP | 3 (10–20) | 2 3 4 | MF HFe HF | 41.2 ± 25.6 vs. 49.9 ± 30.2 46.6 ± 20.8 vs. 59.7 ± 25.1 42.1 ± 27.9 vs. 55.6 ± 36.2 | 8.7 (21.1) 13.1 (28.1) 13.5 (32.1) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.00a | 0.31 0.57 0.42 |
Serra et al. [21] | 26 32 16 | 35.3 (± 1.75) 34 (± 2) 34.85 (± 0.85) | 3 months | LP | 3 (10–20) | 2 3 4 | MF HFe HF | 108.9 ± 49.1 vs. 128.9 ± 54.5 120.2 ± 48.0 vs. 149.0 ± 57.7 128.8 ± 55.4 vs. 168.1 ± 89.0 | 20 (18.4) 28.8 (24.0) 39.3 (30.5) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 0.39 0.54 0.53 |
Yue et al. [23] | 9 9 | 28 (± 7.9) 21 (± 3.2) | 6 weeks | Sq | 4 (8–12) 2 (8–12) | 2 4 | MF HF | 103 ± 27 vs. 115 ± 34 90 ± 9 vs. 103 ± 13 | 12 (11.7) 13 (14.4) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 0.39 1.16 |
Yue et al. [23] | 9 9 | 28 (± 7.9) 21 (± 3.2) | 6 weeks | BP | 4 (8–12) 2 (8–12) | 2 4 | MF HF | 77 ± 27 vs. 88 ± 30 70 ± 17 vs. 81 ± 15 | 11 (14.3) 11 (15.7) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 0.39 0.69 |
Carpenter et al. [34] | 10 12 12 7 | 31(± 31) | 20 weeks | LumExt | 1 (8–12) | 0.5 2 3 4 | LF MF HF HF | 73.6 ± 24.7 vs. 98.2 ± 32.8 58.9 ± 18.0 vs. 86.2 ± 28.0 69.9 ± 27.5 vs. 105.9 ± 40.8 78.2 ± 21.4 vs. 115.8 ± 31.3 | 24.6 (33.4) 27.3 (46.3) 36 (51.5) 37.6 (48.1) | ≤ 0.05b ≤ 0.05b ≤ 0.05b ≤ 0.05b | 0.85 1.16 1.03 1.40 |
Pollock et al. [35] | 14 19 | 26 (± 9) 30 (± 9) | 12 weeks | CervExt | 1 (8–12) | 1 2 | LF MF | 28.3 ± 6.7 vs. 38.2 ± 7.8 27.4 ± 8.5 vs. 38.2 ± 10.9 | 9.9 (35.0) 10.8 (40.9) | 0.001a 0.002b | 1.36 1.10 |
Taaffe et al. [40] | 11 12 11 | 68.5 (± 3.6) 69.4 (± 3.0) 71.0 (± 4.1) | 24 weeks | LPull | 3 (8) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 36.0 ± 14.2 vs. 45.3 ± 4.31 35.8 ± 9.7 vs. 47.0 ± 4.20 33.6 ± 10.9 vs. 48.9 ± 4.31 | 9.3 (25.83) 11.2 (31.28) 15.3 (45.54) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 0.89 1.50 1.85 |
Taaffe et al. [40] | 11 12 11 | 68.5 (± 3.6) 69.4 (± 3.0) 71.0 (± 4.1) | 24 weeks | BC | 3 (8) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 16.5 ± 7.1 vs. 21.9 ± 2.99 17.0 ± 4.3 vs. 24.4 ± 2.77 16.7 ± 6.2 vs. 23.2 ± 2.99 | 5.4 (32.73) 7.4 (43.53) 6.5 (38.92) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 0.99 2.05 1.34 |
Taaffe et al. [40] | 11 12 11 | 68.5 (± 3.6) 69.4 (± 3.0) 71.0 (± 4.1) | 24 weeks | BExt | 3 (8) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 62.3 ± 24.5 vs. 83.1 ± 9.17 63.4 ± 11.3 vs. 84.2 ± 9.70 65.0 ± 26.5 vs. 84.4 ± 9.29 | 20.8 (33.39) 20.8 (32.81) 19.4 (29.85) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 1.12 1.98 0.98 |
Taaffe et al. [40] | 11 12 11 | 68.5 (± 3.6) 69.4 (± 3.0) 71.0 (± 4.1) | 24 weeks | LP | 3 (8) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 109.5 ± 29.8 vs. 135.2 ± 12.27 113.3 ± 19.3 vs. 142.8 ± 12.47 110.5 ± 29.5 vs. 145.1 ± 3.7 | 25.7 (23.47) 29.5 (26.04) 34.6 (31.31) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 1.13 1.82 1.65 |
Taaffe et al. [40] | 11 12 11 | 68.5 (± 3.6) 69.4 (± 3.0) 71.0 (± 4.1) | 24 weeks | KExt | 3 (8) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 39.3 ± 15.4 vs. 67.1 ± 10.95 43.2 ± 8.6 vs. 72.6 ± 10.74 42.4 ± 12.4 vs. 62.6 ± 10.61 | 27.8 (70.74) 29.4 (68.06) 20.2 (47.64) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 2.08 3.02 1.75 |
Taaffe et al. [40] | 10 12 11 | 68.5 (± 3.6) 69.4 (± 3.0) 71.0 (± 4.1) | 24 weeks | KFlex | 3 (8) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 16.3 ± 7.5 vs. 28.4 ± 4.43 19.6 ± 6.8 vs. 30.4 ± 4.50 20.0 ± 9.4 vs. 28.5 ± 4.64 | 12.1 (74.23) 10.8 (55.10) 8.5 (42.50) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 1.96 1.87 1.15 |
Farinatti et al. [41] | 10 11 10 | 72 (± 5.0) 66 (± 7.0) 68 (± 4.0) | 16 weeks | DumBP | 1 (8–12) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 8.2 ± 1.8 vs. 13.0 ± 2.0 9.6 ± 2.2 vs. 14.4 ± 5.2 10.4 ± 0.9 vs. 15.6 ± 1.7 | 4.8 (58.54) 4.8 (50.0) 5.2 (50.0) | ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.01a | 2.52 1.20 3.82 |
Farinatti et al. [41] | 10 11 10 | 72 (± 5.0) 66 (± 7.0) 68 (± 4.0) | 16 weeks | DCur | 1 (8–12) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 7.8 ± 1.5 vs. 12.2 ± 2.3 8.4 ± 1.7 vs. 13.6 ± 2.6 9.2 ± 1.8 vs. 15.6 ± 0.9 | 4.4 (56.41) 5.2 (61.90) 6.4 (69.57) | ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.01a | 2.27 2.37 4.50 |
Farinatti et al. [41] | 10 11 10 | 72 (± 5.0) 66 (± 7.0) 68 (± 4.0) | 16 weeks | KExt | 1 (8–12) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 18.0 ± 3.7 vs. 25.6 ± 3.2 19.2 ± 4.6 ± 29.6 ± 7.4 19.8 ± 4.9 vs. 32.0 ± 6.8 | 7.6 (42.22) 10.4 (54.17) 12.2 (61.62) | ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.01a | 2.20 1.69 2.06 |
Farinatti et al. [42] | 10 11 10 | 72 (± 5.0) 66 (± 7.0) 68 (± 4.0) | 16 weeks | StCR | 1 (8–12) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 12.0 ± 2.0 vs. 16.8 ± 1.9 12.2 ± 3.0 vs. 17.0 ± 3.7 11.8 ± 0.5 vs. 16.8 ± 1.5 | 4.8 (40.0) 4.8 (39.34) 5.0 (42.37) | ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.01a | 2.46 1.43 4.47 |
Burt et al. [42] | 10 11 | Students | 8 weeks. | LP | 1 (6–10) | 1 2 | LF MF | 263.31 ± 37.23 vs. 362.65 ± 51.06 244.89 ± 45.80 vs. 391.53 ± 45.18 | 99.34 (99.34) 146.64 (59.9) | ≤ 0.0001a ≤ 0.0001a | 2.22 3.22 |
Serra et al. [67] | 18 17 10 | 41.4 (± 9.9) | 4 months 8 months | BP | 3 (10–12) | 2 3 4 | MF HF HF | 41.7 ± 16.4 vs. 57.4 ± 15.4 38.8 ± 16.3 vs. 59.5 ± 16.5 39.0 ± 16.1 vs. 62.8 ± 18.1 | 36.3 (37.6) 46.5 (53.4) 65.1 (61.0) | 0.01a 0.001a 0.01a | 0.99 1.26 1.39 |
Serra et al. [67] | 18 17 10 | 41.4 (± 9.9) | 4 months 8 months | LP | 3 (10–12) | 2 3 4 | MF HF HF | 83.3 ± 21.4 vs. 113.3 ± 26.6 88.2 ± 21.9 vs. 112.5 ± 18.5 80.0 ± 25.4 vs. 117.8 ± 30.5 | 30.4 (36.01) 32.4 (27.6) 45.4 (47.3) | 0.001a ≤ 0.001a 0.01a | 1.24 1.20 1.35 |
Serra et al. [67] | 18 17 10 | 41.4 (± 9.9) | 4 months 8 months | LPull | 3 (10–12) | 2 3 4 | MF HF HF | 50.1 ± 12.0 vs. 67.4 ± 12.0 52.2 ± 12.8 vs. 69.7 ± 17.0 54.5 ± 16.2 vs. 77.5 ± 18.1 | 29.4 (34.5) 32.0 (33.5) 46.0 (42.2) | 0.0001a 0.002a 0.01a | 1.44 1.16 1.34 |
Benton et al. [36] | 11 10 | 47.6 (± 1.2) | 8 weeks | CP | 3–6 (8–12) | 3 4 | HF HF | 37.4 ± 2.5 vs. 50.0 ± 3.5 44.5 ± 3.0 vs. 59.7 ± 4.1 | 12.6 (34.0) 15.2 (34.2) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 1.25 1.34 |
Benton et al. [36] | 11 10 | 47.6 (± 1.2) | 8 weeks | LP | 3–6 (8–12) | 3 4 | HF HF | 105.1 ± 9.8 vs. 135.7 ± 16.7 119.7 ± 11.5 vs. 178.6 ± 19.6 | 30.6 (29.1) 58.9 (49.2) | ≤ 0.001a ≤ 0.001a | 0.67 1.16 |
Ribeiro et al. [37] | 5 5 | 26.7 (± 2.7) | 4 weeks | BP | 4 (6–20) | 4 6 | HF HF | 104.4 ± 19.3 vs. 113.2 ± 23.0 105.6 ± 16.4 vs. 117.6 ± 16.3 | 8.8 (8.4) 12 (11.4) | 0.53 0.28 | 0.41 0.73 |
Hoffman et al. [38] | 12 15 23 11 | 19.7 ± (1.4) 20.1 ± (1.5) 20.1 ± (1.1) 19.7 ± (1.1) | 10 weeks. | BP | 1–5 (2–10) | 3 4 5 6 | HF HF HF HF | 107.2 ± 11.6 vs. 109.1 ± 28.7 127.7 ± 13.9 vs. 132.2 ± 14.5 131.1 ± 20.1 vs. 135.3 ± 19.0 143.9 ± 12.0 vs. 149.7 ± 17.3 | 1.9 (1.8) 4.5 (3.5) 4.2 (3.2) 5.8 (4.0) | 0.83 0.39 0.47 0.37 | 0.09 0.32 0.21 0.39 |
Hoffman et al. [38] | 12 15 23 11 | 19.7 ± (1.4) 20.1 ± (1.5) 20.1 ± (1.1) 19.7 ± (1.1) | 10 weeks. | Sq | 1–5 (2–10) | 3 4 5 6 | HF HF HF HF | 140.1 ± 18.6 vs. 147.4 ± 38.9 173.6 ± 36.2 vs. 186.3 ± 31.9 170.6 ± 19.4 vs. 183.4 ± 22.1 191.6 ± 34.9 vs. 204.1 ± 39.5 | 7.3 (5.2) 12.7 (7.3) 12.8 (7.5) 12.5 (6.5) | 0.56 0.32 0.04a 0.44 | 0.24 0.37 0.62 0.34 |
Padilha et al. [43] | 13 14 | 68.9 (± 5.0) 66.7 (± 13.9) | 12 weeks | CP | 1 (10–15) | 2 3 | MF HF | 35.7 ± 6.6 vs. 42.2 ± 8.0 37.1 ± 3.8 vs. 47.3 ± 4.6 | 6.5 (18.2) 10.2 (27.5) | ≤ 0.05b ≤ 0.05b | 0.89 2.42 |
Padilha et al. [43] | 13 14 | 68.9 (± 5.0) | 12 weeks | LE | 1 (10–15) | 2 3 | MF HF | 41.3 ± 9.3 vs. 48.9 ± 9.1 46.1 ± 10.5 vs. 53.8 ± 12.5 | 7.6 (18.4) 7.7 (16.7) | ≤ 0.05b ≤ 0.05b | 0.83 0.67 |
Padilha et al. [43] | 13 14 | 66.7 (± 13.9) | 12 weeks | BC | 1 (10–15) | 2 3 | MF HF | 17.0 ± 3.3 vs. 23.4 ± 3.8 17.7 ± 2.5 vs. 24.2 ± 3.6 | 6.4 (37.6) 6.5 (26.9) | ≤ 0.05b ≤ 0.05b | 1.80 2.10 |
Hunter [39] | 14 10 | 22.2 (± 2.2) c | 7 weeks | BP | 2–3 (7–10) | 3 4 | HF HF | 69.1 ± 22.08 vs. 77.3 ± 20.58 59.3 ± 25.93 vs. 69.20 ± 25.61 | 8.2 (11.9) 9.9 (16.7) | 0.32 0.40 | 0.38 0.38 |
Hunter [39] | 11 11 | 23.1 (± 0.9) d | 7 weeks | BP | 2–3 (7–10) | 3 4 | HF HF | 26.1 ± 5.97 vs. 31.3 ± 6.30 27.3 ± 7.30 vs. 36.40 ± 7.96 | 5.2 (19.9) 9.1 (33.3) | 0.32 ≤ 0.05b | 0.85 1.19 |
Study | Design | Weekly volume equated? |
N
| Status | Sex | Age, years (mean ± SD) | Frequency | Duration | Sets | Reps | Training load | Strength outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carroll et al. [11] | RCT | Yes | 17 | U | M F | 18.6 (± 0.9) | 2 vs. 3 days week | 6 weeks 9 weeks | 3 | 4–10 | 4-20RM | 1RM Squat |
McLester et al. [17] | RAN | Yes | 25 | T | M F | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 1 vs. 3 days week | 12 weeks | 1–3 | 3–10 | Periodized 75–90% 1RM | 1RM Bench press, latissimus pulldown, tricep press, bicep curl, lateral raise |
Brigatto et al. [22] | RAN | Yes | 18 | T | M | 27.1(± 5.5) | 1 vs. 2 days week | 8 weeks | 4–8 | 8–12 | 8–12 RM | 1RM Bench press, 1RM squat |
Gentil et al. [44] | RAN | Yes | 30 | U | M | (23.0 ± 3.0) | 1 vs. 2 days week | 10 weeks | 3 | 8–12 | 8- 12RM | Maximum elbow extensor torque |
Murlasits et al. [45] | RAN | No | 24 | U | M F | 64 (± 3) | 1 vs. 3 days week | 8 weeks | 3 | 6–8 | 75% 1RM | 3 - 5RM Leg press, chest press exercises |
Silva et al. [46] | RAN | No | 30 | U | F | 68.15 (± 4.8) | 2 vs. 3 days week | 24 weeks | 1–2 | 10–15 | 10–15 RM | Total of chest press, leg extension, biceps curl |
DiFranciso-Donoghue et al. [47] | RAN | No | 18 | U | M F | 75.2 (± 1.2) | 1, 2 days week | 9 weeks | 1 | 10–15 | 75% 1RM | 1RM Leg press, chest fly, leg curl, seated dip, leg extension, arm curl. |
Lera Orsatti et al. [48] | RAN | No | 30 | U | F | 58.3 (± 8.1) | 1, 2, or 3 days week | 16 weeks | 1–3 | 8–12 | 60–80% 1RM | 1RM Bench press, leg press, leg extension, bicep curl, tricep pulley, |
Candow and Burke [49] | RAN | Yes | 29 | U | M F | 43 (± 10.6) | 2 vs. 3 days week | 6 weeks | 2–3 | 10 | 60–90% 1RM | 1RM Bench press, 1RM squat |
Schoenfeld et al. [50] | RAN | Yes | 20 | T | M | (23.5 ± 2.9) | 1 vs. 3 days week | 8 weeks | 2–3 | 8–12 | 8–12 RM | 1RM Bench press |
Thomas and Burns [51] | RAN | Yes | 19 | T | M F | 34.7 (± 6.9) | 1 vs. 3 days week | 8 weeks | 3 | 8–12 | 75–85% 1RM | 1RM Chest press, 1RM hack squat |
Arazi and Asadi [52] | RCT | Yes | 39 | U | M | 20.33 (± 2.1) | 1 vs. 2 days week | 8 weeks | 1 | 6–12 | 60–80% 1RM | 1RM Bench press, 1RM leg press |
Study |
N
| Age (mean ± SD) years | Duration | Testing modality | Sets (reps) | Days trained per week | Frequency per week | Pre- vs post-intervention kg, mean ± SD | Pre- vs post-intervention strength difference kg (% change) | p value (pre- vs. post) | ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carroll et al. [11] | 6 5 | 18.6 (± 0.9) | 9 weeks | Sq | 1–3 (4–10) | 2 3 | MF HF | 115 ± 29 vs 141 ± 29 115 ± 29 vs 152 ± 56 | 26 (22.6) 37 (32.2) | ≤ 0.05a b ≤ 0.05a b | 0.900.83 |
McLester et al. [17] | 9 9 | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 12 weeks | BP | 1–3 (3–10) | 1 3 | LF HF | 75.6 ± 27.8 vs 83.6 ± 30.6 54.2 ± 25.7 vs 68.9 ± 27.5 | 8.01 (10.6) 14.71 (27.1) | 0.57 0.26 | 0.27 0.55 |
McLester et al. [17] | 9 9 | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 12 weeks | LPull | 1–3 (3–10) | 1 3 | LF HF | 65.1 ± 20.9 vs 77.8 ± 22.9 53.8 ± 19.0 vs 63.7 ± 21.2 | 12.69 (19.5) 9.9 (18.4) | 0.24 0.31 | 0.58 0.49 |
McLester et al. [17] | 9 9 | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 12 weeks | TriPush | 1–3 (3–10) | 1 3 | LF HF | 30.4 ± 10.3 vs 38.2 ± 13.5 21.0 ± 9.9 vs 27.7 ± 7.1 | 7.77 (25.5) 6.75 (32.2) | 0.19 0.12 | 0.65 0.78 |
McLester et al. [17] | 9 9 | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 12 weeks | BC | 1–3 (3–10) | 1 3 | LF HF | 35.01 ± 14.8 vs 43.1 ± 16.8 25.5 ± 12.6 vs 35.2 ± 14.0 | 8.07 (23.1) 9.71 (38.1) | 0.30 0.14 | 0.51 0.73 |
McLester et al. [17] | 9 9 | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 12 weeks | LatR | 1–3 (3–10) | 1 3 | LF HF | 22.7 ± 7.5 vs 32.3 ± 10.5 16.3 ± 6.6 vs 27.2 ± 10.6 | 9.63 (42.2) 10.89 (66.7) | 0.04 0.02 | 1.05 1.23 |
McLester et al. [17] | 9 9 | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 12 weeks | LP | 1–3 (3–10) | 1 3 | LF HF | 200.3 ± 83.1 vs 244.9 ± 80.9 191.3 ± 96.3 vs 279.5 ± 114.3 | 44.6 (22.3) 88.25 (46.1) | 0.23 0.10 | 0.54 0.83 |
McLester et al. [17] | 9 9 | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 12 weeks | LE | 1–3 (3–10) | 1 3 | LF HF | 62.8 ± 13.6 vs 84.2 ± 19.9 66.6 ± 15.7 vs 88.4 ± 17.1 | 21.41 (34.1) 21.78 (32.7) | 0.02a 0.01c | 1.26 1.33 |
McLester et al. [17] | 9 9 | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 12 weeks | LC | 1–3 (3–10) | 1 3 | LF HF | 57.5 ± 15.5 vs 72.0 ± 10.3 43.1 ± 17.5 vs 64.0 ± 24.9 | 14.5 (25.2) 20.36 (47.2) | 0.03a 0.06 | 1.10 0.97 |
McLester et al. [17] | 9 9 | 25.5 (± 5.1) | 12 weeks | CR | 1–3 (3–10) | 1 3 | LF HF | 178.0 ± 24.2 vs 215.1 ± 15.3 131.7 ± 46.0 vs 163.0 ± 42.5 | 37.1 (20.8) 31.29 (23.8) | 0.001a 0.15 | 1.83 0.71 |
Brigatto et al. [22] | 10 10 | 28.6 (± 5.6) 5.5 (± 5.1) | 8 weeks | Sq | 8 (8–12) | 1 2 | LF MF | 128.5 ± 18.6 vs 148.6 ± 21.7 121.1 ± 17.2 vs 140.6 ± 25.4 | 20.1 (13.5) 19.5 (13.9) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a | 0.99 0.90 |
Brigatto et al. [22] | 10 10 | 28.6 (± 5.6) 5.5 (± 5.1) | 8 weeks | BP | 8 (8–12) | 1 2 | LF MF | 95.7 ± 14.5 vs 103.5 ± 12.9 92.6 ± 14.3 vs 100.4 ± 13.3 | 7.8 (8.2) 7.8 (8.4) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a | 0.57 0.56 |
Gentil et al. [44] | 15 15 | 23.0 (± 3.0) | 10 weeks | EFlex | 3 (8–12) | 1 2 | LF MF | 50.77 ± 9.26 vs 54.15 ± 10.79 48.99 ± 11.52 vs 55.29 ± 10.24 | 3.38 (6.66) 6.3 (12.86) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a | 0.34 0.58 |
Murlasits et al. [45] | 13 11 | 64 (± 3) | 8 weeks | CP | 3 (8) | 2 3 | MF HF | 43.1 ± 20.2 vs 51.8 ± 24.7 40.8 ± 16.9 vs 49.1 ± 20.8 | 8.7 (20.84) 8.3 (20.18) | 0.01c 0.01c | 0.39 0.44 |
Murlasits et al. [45] | 13 11 | 64 (± 3) | 8 weeks | LP | 3 (8) | 2 3 | MF HF | 158.9 ± 49.6 vs 193 ± 57.7 157.2 ± 55.6 vs 192.3 ± 62.3 | 34.1 (22.34) 35.1 (28.12) | 0.01c 0.01c | 0.63 0.59 |
Silva et al. [46] | 17 13 | 68.2 (± 4.8) | 24 weeks | CP, LE, BC | 1–2 (10–15) | 2 3 | MF HF | 100.6 ± 13.4 vs 117.4 ± 17.6 110.9 ± 18.0 vs 129.5 ± 19.5 | 16.8 (16.8) 18.6 (18.9) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a | 1.07 0.99 |
DiFranciso-Donoghue et al. [47] | 9 9 | 75.2 (± 1.2) | 9 weeks | LP | 1 (10–15) | 1 2 | LF MF | 35.6 ± 13.5 vs 46.2 ± 15.3 37.6 ± 10.2 vs 51.5 ± 12.0 | 10.6 (29.8) 13.9 (40.0) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c | 0.73 1.25 |
DiFranciso-Donoghue et al. [47] | 9 9 | 75.2 (± 1.2) | 9 weeks | LE | 1 (10–15) | 1 2 | LF MF | 34.3 ± 12.0 vs 42.9 ± 10.5 29.2 ± 10.8 vs 40.7 ± 16.2 | 8.6 (25.1) 11.5 (39.4) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c | 0.76 0.84 |
DiFranciso-Donoghue et al. [47] | 9 9 | 75.2 (± 1.2) | 9 weeks | LC | 1 (10–15) | 1 2 | LF MF | 21.0 ± 8.1 vs 27.8 ± 7.5 21.2 ± 7.8 vs 30.1 ± 14.4 | 6.8 (32.4) 8.9 (42.0) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c | 0.87 0.77 |
DiFranciso-Donoghue et al. [47] | 9 9 | 75.2 (± 1.2) | 9 weeks | CF | 1 (10–15) | 1 2 | LF MF | 12.8 ± 8.1 vs 18.4 ± 9.3 14.4 ± 9.3 vs 21.9 ± 12.6 | 5.6 (43.8) 7.5 (52.0) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c | 0.64 0.68 |
DiFranciso-Donoghue et al. [47] | 9 9 | 75.2 (± 1.2) | 9 weeks | ArmC | 1 (10–15) | 1 2 | LF MF | 12.1 ± 6.9 vs 15.9 ± 6.6 9.7 ± 7.5 vs 14.4 ± 9.3 | 3.8 (31.4) 4.7 (48.4) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c | 0.56 0.56 |
DiFranciso-Donoghue et al. [47] | 9 9 | 75.2 (± 1.2) | 9 weeks | SDip | 1 (10–15) | 1 2 | LF MF | 36.4 ± 11.4 vs 44.7 ± 9.6 41.3 ± 12.9 vs 48.9 ± 12.6 | 8.3 (22.8) 7.6 (18.4) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c | 0.79 0.60 |
Lera Orsatti et al. [48] | 9 11 10 | 58.3 (± 8.1) | 16 weeks | BP | 3 (8–15) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 30.8 ± 6.5 vs 36.5 ± 4.3 25.5 ± 6.0 vs 35.4 ± 8.2 31.7 ± 7.6 vs 45.2 ± 12.5 | 5.7 (18.5) 9.9 (38.8) 13.5 (42.6) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.0 c b | 1.03 1.38 1.31 |
Lera Orsatti et al. [48] | 9 11 10 | 58.3 (± 8.1) | 16 weeks | LP | 3 (8–15) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 30.5 ± 5.6 vs 36.4 ± 2.2 26.3 ± 5.6 vs 30.4 ± 6.1 30.1 ± 4.4 vs 35.0 ± 7.7 | 5.9 (19.3) 4.1 (15.6) 4.9 (16.3) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01 c | 1.39 0.70 0.78 |
Lera Orsatti et al. [48] | 9 11 10 | 58.3 (± 8.1) | 16 weeks | LE | 3 (8–15) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 27.7 ± 2.1 vs 30.7 ± 5.0 25.5 ± 4.5 vs 29.1 ± 4.8 25.9 ± 5.3 vs 33.1 ± 4.4 | 3.0 (10.8) 3.6 (14.1) 7.2 (27.8) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c | 0.78 0.77 1.48 |
Lera Orsatti et al. [48] | 9 11 10 | 58.3 (± 8.1) | 16 weeks | BC | 3 (8–15) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 19.0 ± 4.0 vs 21.1 ± 2.8 17.4 ± 4.8 vs 19.4 ± 4.4 20.3 ± 3.1 vs 22.7 ± 3.2 | 2.1 (11.1) 2.0 (11.5) 2.4 (11.8) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c | 0.61 0.43 0.76 |
Lera Orsatti et al. [48] | 9 11 10 | 58.3 (± 8.1) | 16 weeks | TriPull | 3 (8–15) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 14.3 ± 2.7 vs 16.5 ± 2.6 12.8 ± 2.7 vs 15.3 ± 3.3 14.9 ± 2.6 vs 17.3 ± 3.1 | 2.2 (15.4) 2.5 (19.5) 2.4 (16.1) | ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c ≤ 0.01c | 0.83 0.83 0.84 |
Candow and Burke [49] | 15 14 | 42.5 (± 15.5) | 6 weeks | Sq | 2–3 (10) | 2 3 | MF HF | 39 ± 3.4 vs 46.17 ± 10.2 37.1 ± 3.8 vs 48.20 ± 10.2 | 7.2 (18.4) 11.1 (29.9) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a | 0.94 1.44 |
Candow and Burke [49] excluded | 15 14 | 42.5 (± 15.5) | 6 weeks | BP | 2–3 (10) | 2 3 | MF HF | 109.4 ± 8.5 vs 140.22 ± 25.1 112.1 ± 8.7 vs 143.46 ± 23.4 | 30.8 (28.2) 31.4 (28) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a | 1.64 1.78 |
Schoenfeld et al. [50] | 10 9 | 23.5 (± 2.9) | 4 weeks | BP | 3 (8–12) | 1 3 | LF HF | 92.9 ± 21.5 vs 99.4 ± 21 97.0 ± 20 vs 107.5 ± 17.9 | 6.46 (7.0) 10.5 (10.8) | ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.05a | 0.31 0.55 |
Schoenfeld et al. [50] | 10 9 | 23.5 (± 2.9) | 4 weeks | Sq | 3 (8–12) | 1 3 | LF HF | 114.8 ± 31.8 vs 127.1 ± 30.6 122.7 ± 29.8 vs 137.6 ± 27.5 | 12.27 (10.7) 14.9 (12.1) | ≤ 0.01a ≤ 0.05a | 0.39 0.52 |
Thomas and Burns [51] | 10 9 | 34.2 (± 11) 35.1 (± 6.9) | 8 weeks | HS | 3 (8–12) | 1 3 | LF HF | 90.2 ± 41.5 vs 112.0 ± 55.4 96.8 ± 40.31 vs 116.9 ± 55.3 | 21.83 (24.2) 20.16 (20.8) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a | 0.45 0.42 |
Thomas and Burns [51] | 10 9 | 34.2 (± 11) 35.1 (± 6.9) | 8 weeks | CP | 3 (8–12) | 1 3 | LF HF | 78.6 ± 40.78 vs 84.4 ± 58.3 84.8 ± 31.41 vs 93.9 ± 41.5 | 5.8 (7.4) 9.07 (10.7) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a | 0.12 0.25 |
Arazi and Asadi [52] | 10 10 9 | 20.20 (± 1.9) 20.40 (± 2.3) 20.33 (± 1.8) | 8 weeks | BP | 1 (6–12) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 47.5 ± 10.6 vs 52.5 ± 5.2 43.1 ± 13.2 vs 49.5 ± 7.8 45.1 ± 10.7 vs 51.2 ± 6.6 | 5.0 (10.6) 6.4 (14.8) 6.1 (13.6) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05a | 0.60 0.59 0.69 |
Arazi and Asadi [52] | 10 10 9 | 20.20 (± 1.9) 20.40 (± 2.3) 20.33 (± 1.8) | 8 weeks | LP | 1 (6–12) | 1 2 3 | LF MF HF | 87.5 ± 17.5 vs 95.0 ± 19.3 87.0 ± 22.9 vs 94.5 ± 21.5 94.0 ± 19.4 vs 100.7 ± 19.2 | 7.5 (8.6) 7.5 (8.6) 6.7 (7.1) | ≤ 0.05a ≤ 0.05 a ≤ 0.05a | 0.41 0.34 0.35 |