Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Geriatrics Reports 4/2014

01.12.2014 | Geriatric Psychiatry (GT Grossberg, Section Editor)

Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

verfasst von: Abhilash K. Desai, Faith Galliano Desai

Erschienen in: Current Geriatrics Reports | Ausgabe 4/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is a critical component of comprehensive, state-of-the-science dementia care. BPSD are complex, associated with substantial heterogeneity in terms of etiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcome and are the subject of extensive research. Consequently, it can be challenging for health care providers to stay up to date with the clinically most relevant findings and know how to best manage BPSD and respond to concerns of person’s with dementia (PWD) and their family. This is a narrative review that proposes an evidence-informed systematic approach for management of BPSD and aims to summarize key findings from research to date on psychosocial environmental and psychopharmacological interventions for management of BPSD. Early and comprehensive management of BPSD has the potential to not only promote the dignity and safety of PWD but also to improve their caregiver’s quality of life and reduce costs on society by preventing visits to emergency departments, hospitalizations and premature institutionalization.
Literatur
1.•
Zurück zum Zitat Alzheimer’s Association, 2014 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. Volume 10, Issue 2. This paper provides up to date facts and figures about the high and increasing prevalence of Alzheimer’s and related dementia and profound negative impact they have on the individual, family and society. Alzheimer’s Association, 2014 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. Volume 10, Issue 2. This paper provides up to date facts and figures about the high and increasing prevalence of Alzheimer’s and related dementia and profound negative impact they have on the individual, family and society.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:63–75.PubMedCrossRef Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:63–75.PubMedCrossRef
3.••
Zurück zum Zitat Kales HC, Gitlin LN, Lyketsos CG. Detroit Expert Panel on Assessment and Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in clinical settings: recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(4):762–9. This paper provides state-of-the-science update on key elements that define management of BPSD and proposes the DICE approach (describe, investigate, create, evaluate) that can be used in research as well as clinical settings.PubMedCrossRef Kales HC, Gitlin LN, Lyketsos CG. Detroit Expert Panel on Assessment and Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in clinical settings: recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(4):762–9. This paper provides state-of-the-science update on key elements that define management of BPSD and proposes the DICE approach (describe, investigate, create, evaluate) that can be used in research as well as clinical settings.PubMedCrossRef
4.••
Zurück zum Zitat Geda YE, Schneider LS, Gitlin LN, Miller DS, Smith GS, Bell J, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: Past progress and anticipation of the future. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:602–8. This is the first of a series of documents by the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms – Professional Interest Group (NPS-IPG) within the International Society to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment (IPSTAART) and provides up to date information on the key neurobiological underpinnings of BPSD.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Geda YE, Schneider LS, Gitlin LN, Miller DS, Smith GS, Bell J, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: Past progress and anticipation of the future. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:602–8. This is the first of a series of documents by the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms – Professional Interest Group (NPS-IPG) within the International Society to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment (IPSTAART) and provides up to date information on the key neurobiological underpinnings of BPSD.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
5.••
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Desai AK, Schwartz L, Grossberg G. Behavioral disturbance in dementia. Curr Psychiatr Rep. 2012;14:298–309.CrossRef Desai AK, Schwartz L, Grossberg G. Behavioral disturbance in dementia. Curr Psychiatr Rep. 2012;14:298–309.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergvall N, Brinck P, Eek D, Gustavsson A, Wimo A, Winblad B, et al. Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):73–85.PubMedCrossRef Bergvall N, Brinck P, Eek D, Gustavsson A, Wimo A, Winblad B, et al. Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):73–85.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Spalletta G, Musicco M, Padovani A, Rozzini L, Perri R, Fadda L, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in a large cohort of newly diagnosed, untreated patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(11):1026–35.PubMedCrossRef Spalletta G, Musicco M, Padovani A, Rozzini L, Perri R, Fadda L, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in a large cohort of newly diagnosed, untreated patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(11):1026–35.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Lulio F, Palmer K, Blundo C, Casini AR, Gianni W, Caltagirone C, et al. Occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychiatric disorders in mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(4):629–40.CrossRef Di Lulio F, Palmer K, Blundo C, Casini AR, Gianni W, Caltagirone C, et al. Occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychiatric disorders in mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(4):629–40.CrossRef
10.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Okura T, Plassman BL, Steffens DC, Llewellyn DJ, Potter GG, Langa KM. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and their association with functional limitations in older adults in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:330–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Okura T, Plassman BL, Steffens DC, Llewellyn DJ, Potter GG, Langa KM. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and their association with functional limitations in older adults in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:330–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Selbaek G, Engedal K, Benth JS, Bergh S. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing-home patients with dementia over a 53-month follow up period. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(1):81–91.PubMed Selbaek G, Engedal K, Benth JS, Bergh S. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing-home patients with dementia over a 53-month follow up period. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(1):81–91.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Vilalta-Franch J, Lopez-Pousa S, Calvo-Perxas L, Garre-Olmo J. Psychosis of Alzheimer disease: prevalence, incidence, persistence, risk factors, and mortality. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(11):1135–43.PubMedCrossRef Vilalta-Franch J, Lopez-Pousa S, Calvo-Perxas L, Garre-Olmo J. Psychosis of Alzheimer disease: prevalence, incidence, persistence, risk factors, and mortality. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(11):1135–43.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergh S, Engedal K, Roen I, Selbaek G. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia in Norwegian nursing homes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(8):1231–9.PubMedCrossRef Bergh S, Engedal K, Roen I, Selbaek G. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia in Norwegian nursing homes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(8):1231–9.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson C, Brodaty H, Trollor J, Sachdev P. Behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia subtype and severity. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(2):300–5.PubMedCrossRef Thompson C, Brodaty H, Trollor J, Sachdev P. Behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia subtype and severity. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(2):300–5.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Linde RM, Brayne C, Dening T. Depression and other behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia – separate research worlds in need of a common understanding. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(2):177–83.PubMedCrossRef Van der Linde RM, Brayne C, Dening T. Depression and other behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia – separate research worlds in need of a common understanding. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(2):177–83.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N. Agitated behaviors in the elderly: a conceptual review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34:711–21.PubMed Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N. Agitated behaviors in the elderly: a conceptual review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34:711–21.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Mortby ME, Maercker A, Forstmeier S. Apathy: a separate syndrome from depression in dementia? A critical review. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012;24(4):305–16.PubMed Mortby ME, Maercker A, Forstmeier S. Apathy: a separate syndrome from depression in dementia? A critical review. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012;24(4):305–16.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Koopmans RTC, Zuidema SU, Leontjevas R, Gerritsen DL. Comprehensive assessment of depression and behavioral problems in long-term care. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;23(7):1054–62.CrossRef Koopmans RTC, Zuidema SU, Leontjevas R, Gerritsen DL. Comprehensive assessment of depression and behavioral problems in long-term care. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;23(7):1054–62.CrossRef
21.•
Zurück zum Zitat Hermann N, Lanctot KL, Hogan DB. Pharmacological recommendations for the systematic treatment of dementia: the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia 2012. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2013;5 Suppl 1:S5. This paper gives up to date recommendations for appropriate use of psychopharmacological interventions for the management of BPSD.CrossRef Hermann N, Lanctot KL, Hogan DB. Pharmacological recommendations for the systematic treatment of dementia: the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia 2012. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2013;5 Suppl 1:S5. This paper gives up to date recommendations for appropriate use of psychopharmacological interventions for the management of BPSD.CrossRef
22.•
Zurück zum Zitat Moore A, Patterson C, Lee L, Vedel I, Bergman H. Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60(5):433–8. This paper provides most recent guidelines for use of cholinesterase inhibitors and psychopharmacological agents for management of both cognitive as well as non-cognitive (BPSD) symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease as well as related dementias.PubMedCentralPubMed Moore A, Patterson C, Lee L, Vedel I, Bergman H. Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60(5):433–8. This paper provides most recent guidelines for use of cholinesterase inhibitors and psychopharmacological agents for management of both cognitive as well as non-cognitive (BPSD) symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease as well as related dementias.PubMedCentralPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Psychiatric Consultation in Long-Term Care. A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press; 2010. Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Psychiatric Consultation in Long-Term Care. A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press; 2010.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen-Mansfield J, Thein K, Marx MS, Dakheel-Ali M, Freedman L. Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation in advanced dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(9):1255–61.PubMedCrossRef Cohen-Mansfield J, Thein K, Marx MS, Dakheel-Ali M, Freedman L. Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation in advanced dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(9):1255–61.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Husebo BS, Ballard C, Cohen-Mansfield J, Seifert R, Aarsland D. The response of agitated behavior to pain management in persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013 Apr 30 [Epub ahead of print]. Husebo BS, Ballard C, Cohen-Mansfield J, Seifert R, Aarsland D. The response of agitated behavior to pain management in persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013 Apr 30 [Epub ahead of print].
26.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Roest HG, Meiland FJ, Maroccini R, Comijs HC, Jonker C, Droes RM. Subjective needs in people with dementia: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19(3):559–92.PubMedCrossRef van der Roest HG, Meiland FJ, Maroccini R, Comijs HC, Jonker C, Droes RM. Subjective needs in people with dementia: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19(3):559–92.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Scherder EJ, Bogen T, Eggermont LH, Hamers JP, Swaab DF. The more physical inactivity, the more agitation in dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(8):1203–8.PubMedCrossRef Scherder EJ, Bogen T, Eggermont LH, Hamers JP, Swaab DF. The more physical inactivity, the more agitation in dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(8):1203–8.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Pitfield C, Shahriyarmolki K, Livingston G. Systematic reviews of stress in staff caring for people with dementia living in 24-hour care settings. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):4–9.PubMedCrossRef Pitfield C, Shahriyarmolki K, Livingston G. Systematic reviews of stress in staff caring for people with dementia living in 24-hour care settings. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):4–9.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Orrell M, Hancock GA, Liyanage KC, Woods B, Challis D, Hoe J. The needs of people with dementia in care homes: the perspectives of users, staff and family caregivers. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20(5):941–51.PubMedCrossRef Orrell M, Hancock GA, Liyanage KC, Woods B, Challis D, Hoe J. The needs of people with dementia in care homes: the perspectives of users, staff and family caregivers. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20(5):941–51.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo H, Lin M, Castle N. Physical restraint use and falls in nursing homes: a comparison between residents with and without dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26:44–50.CrossRef Luo H, Lin M, Castle N. Physical restraint use and falls in nursing homes: a comparison between residents with and without dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26:44–50.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Hori K, Konishi K, Watanabe K, Uchida H, Tsuboi T, Moriyasu M, et al. Influence of anticholinergic activity in serum on clinical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychobiology. 2011;63:147–53.PubMedCrossRef Hori K, Konishi K, Watanabe K, Uchida H, Tsuboi T, Moriyasu M, et al. Influence of anticholinergic activity in serum on clinical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychobiology. 2011;63:147–53.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Desai AK. Psychotropic side effects of commonly prescribed drugs in the elderly. Prim Psychiatry. 2004;11:27–34. Desai AK. Psychotropic side effects of commonly prescribed drugs in the elderly. Prim Psychiatry. 2004;11:27–34.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N, Lipson S, Rosenthal AS, Pawlson LG. Medical correlates of agitation in nursing home residents. Gerontology. 1990;36(3):150–8.PubMedCrossRef Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N, Lipson S, Rosenthal AS, Pawlson LG. Medical correlates of agitation in nursing home residents. Gerontology. 1990;36(3):150–8.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Bourgeois J, Elseviers MM, Azermai M, Van Bortel L, Petrovic M, Vander Stichele RR. Benzodiazepine use in Belgian nursing homes: a closer look into indications and dosages. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(5):833–44.PubMedCrossRef Bourgeois J, Elseviers MM, Azermai M, Van Bortel L, Petrovic M, Vander Stichele RR. Benzodiazepine use in Belgian nursing homes: a closer look into indications and dosages. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(5):833–44.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Bourbonnais A, Ducharme F. The meanings of screams in older people living with dementia in a nursing home. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(7):1172–84.PubMedCrossRef Bourbonnais A, Ducharme F. The meanings of screams in older people living with dementia in a nursing home. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(7):1172–84.PubMedCrossRef
37.••
Zurück zum Zitat Kitwood T. The experience of dementia. Aging Ment Health. 1997;1:13–22. This is a landmark paper that reminds us of the importance of keeping the personhood of the person with dementia foremost in all decisions and approaches to manage BPSD.CrossRef Kitwood T. The experience of dementia. Aging Ment Health. 1997;1:13–22. This is a landmark paper that reminds us of the importance of keeping the personhood of the person with dementia foremost in all decisions and approaches to manage BPSD.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Palliative and end-of-life care in psychogeriatric patients. Aging Health. 2011;7(3):395–408.CrossRef Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Palliative and end-of-life care in psychogeriatric patients. Aging Health. 2011;7(3):395–408.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley J. Dementia-Related Agitation. JAMDA. 2011;12:611–2.PubMed Morley J. Dementia-Related Agitation. JAMDA. 2011;12:611–2.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Teri L, Logsdon RG, Uomoto J, McCurry SM. Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial. J Gerontol Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997;52:159–66.CrossRef Teri L, Logsdon RG, Uomoto J, McCurry SM. Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial. J Gerontol Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997;52:159–66.CrossRef
41.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Ballard C, Corbett A. Agitation and aggression in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(3):252–9.PubMedCrossRef Ballard C, Corbett A. Agitation and aggression in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(3):252–9.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Seitz DP, Gill SS, Hermann N, Brisbin S, Rappoport MJ, Rines J, et al. Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia I long-term care: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(2):185–203.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Seitz DP, Gill SS, Hermann N, Brisbin S, Rappoport MJ, Rines J, et al. Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia I long-term care: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(2):185–203.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, Meng XF, Wang C, Tan CC, et al. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-308112. Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, Meng XF, Wang C, Tan CC, et al. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014. doi:10.​1136/​jnnp-2014-308112.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevenson DG, Decker SL, Dwyer LL, Huskamp HA, Grabowski DC, Metzger ED, et al. Antipsychotic and benzodiazepine use among nursing home residents: findings from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(12):1078–92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stevenson DG, Decker SL, Dwyer LL, Huskamp HA, Grabowski DC, Metzger ED, et al. Antipsychotic and benzodiazepine use among nursing home residents: findings from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(12):1078–92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Devanand DP, Mintzer J, Schultz SK, Andrews HF, Sultzer DL, de la Pena D, et al. Relapse risk after discontinuation of risperidone in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1497–507.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Devanand DP, Mintzer J, Schultz SK, Andrews HF, Sultzer DL, de la Pena D, et al. Relapse risk after discontinuation of risperidone in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1497–507.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Lopez OL, Becker JT, Chang YF, Sweet RA, Aizenstein H, Snitz B, et al. The long-term effects of conventional and atypical antipsychotics in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1051–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Lopez OL, Becker JT, Chang YF, Sweet RA, Aizenstein H, Snitz B, et al. The long-term effects of conventional and atypical antipsychotics in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1051–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Langballe EM, Engdahl B, Nordeng H, Ballard C, Aarsland D, Selbaek G. Short- and long-term mortality risk associated with the use of antipsychotics among 26,940 dementia outpatients: a population-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:332–6.CrossRef Langballe EM, Engdahl B, Nordeng H, Ballard C, Aarsland D, Selbaek G. Short- and long-term mortality risk associated with the use of antipsychotics among 26,940 dementia outpatients: a population-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:332–6.CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Nasrallah HA, White T, Nasrallah AT. Lower mortality in geriatric patients receiving risperidone and olanzapine versus haloperidol: preliminary analysis of retrospective data. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;12:437–9.PubMedCrossRef Nasrallah HA, White T, Nasrallah AT. Lower mortality in geriatric patients receiving risperidone and olanzapine versus haloperidol: preliminary analysis of retrospective data. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;12:437–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Zheng L, Mack WJ, Dagerman KS, Hsiao JK, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, et al. Metabolic changes associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in Alzheimer’s disease patients: the CATIE-AD study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(5):583–90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Zheng L, Mack WJ, Dagerman KS, Hsiao JK, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, et al. Metabolic changes associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in Alzheimer’s disease patients: the CATIE-AD study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(5):583–90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Vigen CL, Mack WJ, Keefe RS, Sano M, Sultzer DL, Stroup TS, et al. Cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotic medications in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: outcomes from CATIE-AD. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(8):831–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Vigen CL, Mack WJ, Keefe RS, Sano M, Sultzer DL, Stroup TS, et al. Cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotic medications in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: outcomes from CATIE-AD. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(8):831–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Mulsant BH. Challenges of the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(4):317–20.PubMedCrossRef Mulsant BH. Challenges of the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(4):317–20.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Henry G, Williamson D, Tampi RR. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, a literature review of evidence. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26(3):169–83.CrossRef Henry G, Williamson D, Tampi RR. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, a literature review of evidence. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26(3):169–83.CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz S, Froelich L, Burns A. Pharmacological treatment of dementia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(6):542–50.PubMedCrossRef Schwarz S, Froelich L, Burns A. Pharmacological treatment of dementia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(6):542–50.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Zarros AC, Kalopita KS, Tsakiris ST. Serotoninergic impairment and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2005;65:277–86. Zarros AC, Kalopita KS, Tsakiris ST. Serotoninergic impairment and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2005;65:277–86.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Leong C. Antidepressants for depression in patients with dementia: a review of the literature. Consult Pharm. 2014;29(4):254–63.PubMedCrossRef Leong C. Antidepressants for depression in patients with dementia: a review of the literature. Consult Pharm. 2014;29(4):254–63.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Cummings JL, Back C. The cholinergic hypothesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;6 Suppl 1:64–8.CrossRef Cummings JL, Back C. The cholinergic hypothesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;6 Suppl 1:64–8.CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Roundtree SD, Atri A, Lopez OL, Doody RS. Effectiveness of antidementia drugs in delaying Alzheimer’s disease progression. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:338–45.CrossRef Roundtree SD, Atri A, Lopez OL, Doody RS. Effectiveness of antidementia drugs in delaying Alzheimer’s disease progression. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:338–45.CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeh YC, Ouyang WC. Mood stabilizers for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: an update review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2012;28(4):185–93.PubMedCrossRef Yeh YC, Ouyang WC. Mood stabilizers for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: an update review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2012;28(4):185–93.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Gauthier S, Cummings J, Ballard C, Brodaty H, Grossberg G, Robert P, et al. Management of behavioral problems in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(3):346–72.PubMedCrossRef Gauthier S, Cummings J, Ballard C, Brodaty H, Grossberg G, Robert P, et al. Management of behavioral problems in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(3):346–72.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Tariot PN, Schneider LS, Cummings J, Thomas RG, Raman R, Jakimovich LJ, et al. Chronic divalproex sodium to attenuate agitation and clinical progression of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):853–61.PubMedCrossRef Tariot PN, Schneider LS, Cummings J, Thomas RG, Raman R, Jakimovich LJ, et al. Chronic divalproex sodium to attenuate agitation and clinical progression of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):853–61.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Dolder CR, Nealy KL. The efficacy and safety of newer anticonvulsants in patients with dementia. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(8):627–37.PubMed Dolder CR, Nealy KL. The efficacy and safety of newer anticonvulsants in patients with dementia. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(8):627–37.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Ng B, Camacho A, Bardwell W, Sewell DD. Lamotrigine for agitation in older patients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21:207–8.PubMedCrossRef Ng B, Camacho A, Bardwell W, Sewell DD. Lamotrigine for agitation in older patients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21:207–8.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Roserberg PB, Lanctot KL, Drye LT, Hermann N, Scherer RW, Bachman DL, et al. Safety and efficacy of methylphenidate for apathy in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):810–6.CrossRef Roserberg PB, Lanctot KL, Drye LT, Hermann N, Scherer RW, Bachman DL, et al. Safety and efficacy of methylphenidate for apathy in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):810–6.CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat McCleery J, Cohen DA, Sharpley AL. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3, CD009178.PubMed McCleery J, Cohen DA, Sharpley AL. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3, CD009178.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Tampi RR, Tampi DJ. Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2014 Mar 6. [Epub ahead of print]. Tampi RR, Tampi DJ. Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2014 Mar 6. [Epub ahead of print].
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Woodward MR, Harper DG, Stolyar A, Forester BP, Ellison JM. Dronabinol for the treatment of agitation and aggressive behavior in acutely hospitalized severely demented patients with noncognitive behavioral symptoms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:415–9.PubMedCrossRef Woodward MR, Harper DG, Stolyar A, Forester BP, Ellison JM. Dronabinol for the treatment of agitation and aggressive behavior in acutely hospitalized severely demented patients with noncognitive behavioral symptoms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:415–9.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang LY, Shofer JB, Rohde K, Hart KL, Hoff DJ, McFall YH, et al. Prazosin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease patients with agitation and aggression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(9):744–51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wang LY, Shofer JB, Rohde K, Hart KL, Hoff DJ, McFall YH, et al. Prazosin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease patients with agitation and aggression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(9):744–51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kyomen HH, Hennen J, Gottlieb GL, Wei JY. Estrogen therapy and noncognitive psychiatric signs and symptoms in elderly patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(7):1225–7.PubMedCrossRef Kyomen HH, Hennen J, Gottlieb GL, Wei JY. Estrogen therapy and noncognitive psychiatric signs and symptoms in elderly patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(7):1225–7.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Peskind ER, Tsuang DW, Bonner LT, Pascualy M, Riekse RG, Snowden MB, et al. Propranolol for disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents with probable or possible Alzheimer disease: a placebo-controlled study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19(1):23–8.PubMedCrossRef Peskind ER, Tsuang DW, Bonner LT, Pascualy M, Riekse RG, Snowden MB, et al. Propranolol for disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents with probable or possible Alzheimer disease: a placebo-controlled study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19(1):23–8.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Kraus MF, Maki PM. Effect of amantadine hydrochloride on symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction in brain injury: case studies and review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9:222–30.PubMed Kraus MF, Maki PM. Effect of amantadine hydrochloride on symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction in brain injury: case studies and review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9:222–30.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Frakey LL, Salloway S, Buelow M, Malloy P. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of apathy in individuals with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):796–801.PubMedCrossRef Frakey LL, Salloway S, Buelow M, Malloy P. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of apathy in individuals with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):796–801.PubMedCrossRef
73.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Tucker I. Management of inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia: a literature review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(5):683–92.PubMedCrossRef Tucker I. Management of inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia: a literature review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(5):683–92.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004;17(3):146–57.PubMedCrossRef Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004;17(3):146–57.PubMedCrossRef
76.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogan RK, Cheray JA. Restless legs syndrome: a review of diagnosis and management in primary care. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(3):99–111.PubMedCrossRef Bogan RK, Cheray JA. Restless legs syndrome: a review of diagnosis and management in primary care. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(3):99–111.PubMedCrossRef
78.•
Zurück zum Zitat Gitlin LN, Kales HC, Lyketsos CG. Nonpharmacologic management of behavioral symptoms in dementia. JAMA. 2012;308(19):2020–9. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gitlin LN, Kales HC, Lyketsos CG. Nonpharmacologic management of behavioral symptoms in dementia. JAMA. 2012;308(19):2020–9. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
79.•
Zurück zum Zitat Brodaty H, Arasaratnam C. Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(9):946–53. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.PubMedCrossRef Brodaty H, Arasaratnam C. Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(9):946–53. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Neil ME, Freeman M., Christensen V, Telerant R, Addleman A, Kansagara D. A systematic evidence review of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral symptoms of dementia. VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports. 2011 Mar. O’Neil ME, Freeman M., Christensen V, Telerant R, Addleman A, Kansagara D. A systematic evidence review of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral symptoms of dementia. VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports. 2011 Mar.
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Gitlin LN. Good news for dementia care: caregiver interventions reduce behavioral symptoms in people with dementia and family distress. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:894–7.PubMedCrossRef Gitlin LN. Good news for dementia care: caregiver interventions reduce behavioral symptoms in people with dementia and family distress. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:894–7.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Janzen S, Zecevic AA, Kloseck M, Orange JB. Managing agitation using nonpharmacological interventions for seniors with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2013;28(5):524–32.CrossRef Janzen S, Zecevic AA, Kloseck M, Orange JB. Managing agitation using nonpharmacological interventions for seniors with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2013;28(5):524–32.CrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Manepalli J, Desai A, Sharma P. Psychosocial-Environmental treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Prim Psychiatry. 2009;16:39–47. Manepalli J, Desai A, Sharma P. Psychosocial-Environmental treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Prim Psychiatry. 2009;16:39–47.
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Broday H, Burns K. Nonpharmacological management of apathy in dementia: a systematic review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20:549–64.CrossRef Broday H, Burns K. Nonpharmacological management of apathy in dementia: a systematic review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20:549–64.CrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley M, Calleo J, Bush AL, Wilson N, Snow AL, Kraus-Schuman C, et al. The peaceful mind program: a pilot test of a cognitive-behavioral therapy-based intervention for anxious patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21:696–708.PubMedCrossRef Stanley M, Calleo J, Bush AL, Wilson N, Snow AL, Kraus-Schuman C, et al. The peaceful mind program: a pilot test of a cognitive-behavioral therapy-based intervention for anxious patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21:696–708.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Houser WS, George DR, Chinchilli VM. Impact of TimeSlips creative expression program on behavioral symptoms and psychotropic medication use in persons with dementia in long-term care: a cluster-randomized pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:337–40.PubMedCrossRef Houser WS, George DR, Chinchilli VM. Impact of TimeSlips creative expression program on behavioral symptoms and psychotropic medication use in persons with dementia in long-term care: a cluster-randomized pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:337–40.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Day K, Carreon D, Stump C. The therapeutic design of environments for people with dementia: a review of the empirical research. Gerontologist. 2000;40:397–416.PubMedCrossRef Day K, Carreon D, Stump C. The therapeutic design of environments for people with dementia: a review of the empirical research. Gerontologist. 2000;40:397–416.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Chenoweth L, King MT, Jeon YH, Brodaty H, Stein-Parbury J, Norman R, et al. Caring for aged dementia care resident study (CADRES) of person-centered care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomized trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:317–25.PubMedCrossRef Chenoweth L, King MT, Jeon YH, Brodaty H, Stein-Parbury J, Norman R, et al. Caring for aged dementia care resident study (CADRES) of person-centered care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomized trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:317–25.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakker TJ, Duivenvoorden HJ, van der Lee J, Olde Rikkert MG, Beekman AT, Ribbe MW. Integrative psychotherapeutic nursing home program to reduce multiple psychiatric symptoms of cognitively impaired patients and caregiver burden: randomized controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19:507–20.PubMedCrossRef Bakker TJ, Duivenvoorden HJ, van der Lee J, Olde Rikkert MG, Beekman AT, Ribbe MW. Integrative psychotherapeutic nursing home program to reduce multiple psychiatric symptoms of cognitively impaired patients and caregiver burden: randomized controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19:507–20.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordgren L, Engstrom G. Effects of animal-assisted therapy on behavioral and/or psychological symptoms in dementia: a care report. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2012;27(8):625–32.CrossRef Nordgren L, Engstrom G. Effects of animal-assisted therapy on behavioral and/or psychological symptoms in dementia: a care report. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2012;27(8):625–32.CrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Thune-Boyle IC, Iliffe S, Cerga-pashoja A, Lowery D, Warner J. The effect of exercise on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: towards a research agenda. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(7):1046–57.PubMedCrossRef Thune-Boyle IC, Iliffe S, Cerga-pashoja A, Lowery D, Warner J. The effect of exercise on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: towards a research agenda. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(7):1046–57.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Connor CM, Clemson L, Brodaty H, Jeon H, Mioshi E, Gitlin LN. Use of the tailored activities program to reduce neuropsychiatric behaviors in dementia: an Australian protocol for a randomized trial to evaluate its effectiveness. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(5):857–69.PubMedCrossRef O’Connor CM, Clemson L, Brodaty H, Jeon H, Mioshi E, Gitlin LN. Use of the tailored activities program to reduce neuropsychiatric behaviors in dementia: an Australian protocol for a randomized trial to evaluate its effectiveness. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(5):857–69.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Kolanowski A, Litaker M, Buettner L, Moeller J, Costa PT. A randomized clinical trial of theory-based activities for the behavioral symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1032–41.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kolanowski A, Litaker M, Buettner L, Moeller J, Costa PT. A randomized clinical trial of theory-based activities for the behavioral symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1032–41.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Graff MJL, Vernooij-Dassen MJM, Thijssen M, Dekker J, Hoefnagels WHL, Olde-Rikkert MGM. Effects of community occupational therapy on quality of life, mood, and health status in dementia patients and their caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2007;62A:1002–9.CrossRef Graff MJL, Vernooij-Dassen MJM, Thijssen M, Dekker J, Hoefnagels WHL, Olde-Rikkert MGM. Effects of community occupational therapy on quality of life, mood, and health status in dementia patients and their caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2007;62A:1002–9.CrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin Y, Chu H, Yang CY, Chen CH, Chen SG, Chang HJ, et al. Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia. Int J Gertiatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(7):670–8.CrossRef Lin Y, Chu H, Yang CY, Chen CH, Chen SG, Chang HJ, et al. Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia. Int J Gertiatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(7):670–8.CrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Ploeg ES, O’Connor DW. Methodological challenges in studies of bright light therapy to treat sleep disorders in nursing home residents with dementia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014. doi:10.1111/pcn.12192.PubMed van der Ploeg ES, O’Connor DW. Methodological challenges in studies of bright light therapy to treat sleep disorders in nursing home residents with dementia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014. doi:10.​1111/​pcn.​12192.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Forrester LT, Maayan N, Orrell M, Spector AE, Buchan LD, Soares-Weiser K. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2, CD003150.PubMed Forrester LT, Maayan N, Orrell M, Spector AE, Buchan LD, Soares-Weiser K. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2, CD003150.PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall RCW, Hall RCW, Chapman MJ. Nursing home violence: occurrence, risks and interventions. Ann Long-Term Care. 2009;17(1):25–31. Hall RCW, Hall RCW, Chapman MJ. Nursing home violence: occurrence, risks and interventions. Ann Long-Term Care. 2009;17(1):25–31.
100.
Zurück zum Zitat van de Ven G, Draskovic I, van Herpen E, Koopmans RT, Donders R, Zuidema SU, et al. The economics of dementia-care mapping in nursing homes: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86662.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef van de Ven G, Draskovic I, van Herpen E, Koopmans RT, Donders R, Zuidema SU, et al. The economics of dementia-care mapping in nursing homes: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86662.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Rees G. Dementia: Facing the epidemic. A vision for a world class dementia care system. Sydney: Alzheimer’s Australia; 2009. Rees G. Dementia: Facing the epidemic. A vision for a world class dementia care system. Sydney: Alzheimer’s Australia; 2009.
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Treloar A, Crugel M, Prasanna A, Solomons L, Fox C, Paton C, et al. Ethical dilemmas: should antipsychotics ever be prescribed for people with dementia? Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:88–90.PubMedCrossRef Treloar A, Crugel M, Prasanna A, Solomons L, Fox C, Paton C, et al. Ethical dilemmas: should antipsychotics ever be prescribed for people with dementia? Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:88–90.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Landau R, Werner S. Ethical aspects of using GPS for tracking people with dementia: recommendations for practice. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24:358–66.PubMedCrossRef Landau R, Werner S. Ethical aspects of using GPS for tracking people with dementia: recommendations for practice. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24:358–66.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Ujkaj M, Davidoff DA, Seiner SJ, Ellison JM, Harper DG, Forester BP. Safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of agitation and aggression in patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20(1):61–72.PubMedCrossRef Ujkaj M, Davidoff DA, Seiner SJ, Ellison JM, Harper DG, Forester BP. Safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of agitation and aggression in patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20(1):61–72.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith M, Schultz SK, Seydel LL, Reist J, Kelly M, Weckman M, et al. Improving antipsychotic agent use in nursing homes: development of an algorithm for treating problem behaviors in dementia. J Gerontol Nurs. 2013;39(5):24–35.PubMedCrossRef Smith M, Schultz SK, Seydel LL, Reist J, Kelly M, Weckman M, et al. Improving antipsychotic agent use in nursing homes: development of an algorithm for treating problem behaviors in dementia. J Gerontol Nurs. 2013;39(5):24–35.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
verfasst von
Abhilash K. Desai
Faith Galliano Desai
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2014
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Geriatrics Reports / Ausgabe 4/2014
Elektronische ISSN: 2196-7865
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-014-0099-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2014

Current Geriatrics Reports 4/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Geriatric Psychiatry (GT Grossberg, Section Editor)

Neuromodulation Therapies in the Elderly Depressed Patient

Geriatric Psychiatry (GT Grossberg, Section Editor)

Recent Advances in Late-Life Mood Disorders

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.