Background
Methods
Study design and subjects
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Data collection
Follow-up
Statistical analyses
Results
Normal weight N = 65 | Overweight N = 66 | Obese N = 127 | p-value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Age (years)* |
<0
.00
1
| |||
≤19 | 12 (18.5) |
2 (3.0)
a
|
1 (0.8)
a
| |
20 – 35 | 46 (70.8) | 49 (74.2) | 91(71.6) | |
>35 | 7 (10.8) |
15 (22.7)
a
|
35 (27.6)
a
| |
Pregnancies (including current pregnancy) | 0.187 | |||
1 | 18 (27.7) | 11 (16.7) | 19 (15.0) | |
2 | 19 (29.2) | 18 (27.3) | 33 (26.0) | |
≥3 | 28 (43.1) | 37 (56.1) | 75 (59.6) | |
Previous C-section | 0.366 | |||
Zero | 44 (67.7) | 35 (53.0) | 68 (53.5) | |
1 | 14 (21.5) | 20 (30.3) | 36 (28.4) | |
≥2 | 7(10.8) | 11 (16.7) | 23 (18.1) | |
Smoking habits | 9 (13.8) | 17 (25.8) | 20 (15.8) | 0.141 |
Cronic hypertension | 4 (50.0) | 17 (81.0) | 47 (74.6) | 0.231 |
Prepregnancy diabetes | 4 (6.2) |
9 (13.6)
a
|
20 (15.7)
a
|
<0.001
|
Family history | ||||
Diabetes | 54 (83.1) | 48 (72.7) | 93 (73.2) | 0.266 |
Obesity | 17 (26.2) | 24 (36.4) |
56 (44.1)
a,b
|
0.051
|
Hypertension | 44 (67.7) | 49 (74.2) | 101 (79.5) | 0.195 |
Cardiovascular disease | 14 (21.5) | 19 (28.8) | 43 (33.9) | 0.206 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 15 (23.1) | 20 (30.3) | 41 (32.3) | 0.410 |
Normal weight N = 65 | Overweight N = 66 | Obese N = 127 | *p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± sd | Mean ± sd | Mean ± sd | ||
Initial weight (Kg) | 57.1 ± 5.7 |
69.9 ± 6.7
a
|
91.2 ± 13.7
a,b
|
<0.001
|
Final weight (Kg) | 71.5 ± 7.1 |
82.9 ± 7.6
a
|
100.7 ± 15.4
a,b
|
<0.001
|
Weight gain (Kg) | 14.4 ± 4.6 | 12.8 ± 5.7 |
9.6 ± 7.5
a,b
|
<0.001
|
Prepregnancy BMI (Kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 1.7 |
27.5 ± 1.3
a
|
36.2 ± 4.9
a,b
|
<0.001
|
Gestational BMI (Kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 2.4 |
32.6 ± 2.7
a
|
39.9 ± 5.5
a,b
|
<0.001
|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | †p-value | |
Weight gain (Kg) |
<0.001
| |||
<8 | 5 (7.8) | 12 (18.2) |
58 (45.7)
a,b
| |
8 – 16 | 36 (55.4) | 36 (54.6) |
42 (33.1)
a,b
| |
>16 | 24 (36.9) | 18 (27.3) | 27 (21.3) | |
Gestational BMI (Kg/m2) |
<0.001
| |||
Underweight | 7 (10.8) |
0 (0.0)
a
|
0 (0.0)
a
| |
Adequate | 33 (50.8) |
5 (7.6)
a
|
0 (0.0)
a,b
| |
Overweight | 23 (35.4) |
35 (53.0)
a
|
8 (6.3)
a,b
| |
Obese | 2 (3.1) |
26 (39.4)
a
|
119 (93.7)
a,b
| |
Physical activity (yes) | 17 (26.2) |
34 (51.5)
a
|
55 (43.3)
a
| 0.010 |
Intercurrent diseases | 30 (46.2) | 26 (39.4) | 62 (48.8) | 0.458 |
Urinary infection | 8 (12.5) | 8 (11.9) | 30 (23.6) | |
Genital infection | 12 (18.8) | 12 (17.9) | 15 (11.8) | |
GH or PE | 4 (50.0) | 4 (19.0) | 16 (25.4) | |
GDM | 8 (12.3) |
22 (33.3)
a
|
50 (39.4)
a
|
<0.001
|
MGH | 12 (18.4) |
15 (22.7)
a
|
27 (21.2)
a
|
0.005
|
HbA1c (%) [3rd trimester] | 0.075 | |||
<6.5 | 61 (93.8) | 53 (80.3) | 102 (80.3) | |
6.5 – 8.0 | 3 (4.6) | 13 (19.7) | 23 (18.1) | |
≥8.0 | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.57) |
Normal weight | Overweight | Obese | *p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 65 | N = 66 | N = 127 | ||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Mode of delivery | 0.304 | |||
Vaginal | 25 (39.5) | 21 (31.8) | 35 (27.6) | |
Cesarean | 40 (61.5) | 45 (68.2) | 92 (72.4) | |
Gestational age (weeks) | 0.494 | |||
<37 | 3 (4.6) | 5 (7.6) | 12 (9.4) | |
≥37 | 62 (95.4) | 61 (92.4) | 115 (90.6) | |
New Ballard (weeks)± | 0.115 | |||
<37 | 3 (5.8) | 6 (10.9) | 19 (17.1) | |
≥37 | 49 (94.2) | 49 (89.1) | 92 (82.9) | |
Birth weight (g) | 0.304 | |||
<2500 | 4 (6.2) | 2 (3,0) | 2 (1.6) | |
2500 − 4000 | 57 (87.7) | 61 (92.4) | 113 (89.0) | |
≥4000 | 4 (6.2) | 3 (4.6) | 12 (9.4) | |
Weight class |
0.021
| |||
SGA | 8 (12.3) | 10 (15,2) |
6 (4.7)
a,b
| |
AGA | 54 (83.1) | 53 (80.3) | 104 (81.9) | |
LGA | 3 (4.6) | 3 (4.6) | 17 (13.4) | |
Ponderal index (PI) |
0.037
| |||
<2.98 (proportional) | 50 (76.9) | 46 (69,7) | 75 (59.1) | |
≥2.98 (disproportionate) | 15 (23.1) | 20 (30.3) |
52 (40.9)
a,b
| |
Mean ± sd | Mean ± sd | Mean ± sd | #p-value | |
Weight (g) | 3210.2 ± 469.2 | 3208.9 ± 430.4 | 3365.9 ± 483.4 | 0.199 |
Length (cm) | 48.6 ± 2.2 | 48.4 ± 2,0 | 48.6 ± 2.1 | 0.759 |
Head Circumf (cm) | 34.4 ± 1.5 | 34.4 ± 1,3 | 34.8 ± 1.5 | 0.094 |
Thoracic Circumf (cm) | 32.9 ± 1.9 | 32.8 ± 1,7 |
33.6 ± 2.0
a,b
|
0.006
|
Abdom Circumf (cm) | 31.1 ± 2.3 | 30.7 ± 1,8 |
31.6 ± 2.3
a,b
|
0.032
|
1-min Apgar | 8.3 ± 1.4 | 8.2 ± 1,8 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 0.076 |
5-min Apgar | 9.3 ± 0.8 | 9.3 ± 0.9 | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 0.143 |
10-min Apgar | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 9.5 ± 0.6 | 0.071 |
Ponderal index | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.3 |
2.9 ± 0.3
a,b
|
0.005
|
Placental weight (g) | 560.1 ± 138,9 | 574,6 ± 119,8 |
635,6 ± 156,6
a,b
|
0.001
|
Placental index | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
0.2 ± 0.0
a,b
|
0.037
|
Normal weight N = 65 | Overweight N = 66 | Obese N = 127 | *p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Hypoglycemia | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0.620 |
Malformation | 2 (4.4) | 2 (4.0) | 6 q | 0.833 |
Phototherapy | 14 (23.0) | 10 (16.4) | 37 (37.0) | 0.091 |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | #p-value | |
Hematocrit (%) | 48.3 ± 5.3 | 51.0 ± 9.3 | 49.6 ± 5.4 | 0.163 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 16.2 ± 1.8 | 16.4 ± 1.9 | 16.3 ± 2.4 | 0.832 |
Ind. Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 0.575 |
White cells (x103/mm3) | 14755 ± 3095.8 | 14786 ± 6627.7 | 14543 ± 4332.8 | 0.975 |
Red cells (/mm3) | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0. 5 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 0.082 |
Glucose levels (mg/dL) | 63.4 ± 16.3 | 65.8 ± 25.5 | 66.0 ± 20.5 | 0.091 |
Hospitalization (days) | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 3.0 ± 1.4 |
3.9 ± 3.9
a,b
|
0.005
|
Obese vs normal weight | Overweight vs normal weight | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI 95 % | OR | CI 95 % | |
Mother | ||||
Weight gain ≥ 16 Kg |
0.2
|
0.1 – 0.4
|
0.4
|
0.2 − 0.7
|
Hypertension |
7.0
|
3.1 − 15.9
|
2.1
|
1.1 − 3.9
|
Hyperglycemia |
5.5
|
2.9 – 10.6
| 1.3 | 0.7 – 2.6 |
HbA1c ≥ 6.5 % |
3.7
|
1.2 – 11.1
| 1.0 | 0.5 – 2.2 |
Newborn | ||||
Weight | 2.3 | 0.8 – 6.6 | 1.9 | 0.7 – 5.4 |
Weight classes | 1.0 | 0.4 – 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.4 – 1.7 |
1-min Apgar score | 0.4 | 0.1 – 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 – 1.5 |
5-min Apgar score | 2.0 | 0.1 – 32.0 | 1.9 | 0.1 – 31.5 |