Background
Methods
Participants
Total samples (N = 105) | Outpatients (N = 55, 52.3%) | Inpatients (N = 50, 47.7%) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (male/female)a | 48/57 | 22/33 | 26/24 | 0.244 |
Age (mean ± SD) b | 47.0 ± 13.3 | 47.8 ± 14.2 | 46.1 ± 12.4 | 0.529 |
Diagnosisa | ||||
Schizophrenia | 103 | 54 | 48 | 1 |
Schizoaffective disorder | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
Delusional disorder | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Age of onset (mean ± SD) b | 28.8 ± 11.5 | 30.2 ± 11.7 | 27.3 ± 11.1 | 0.156 |
Duration of hospitalization (at time of assessment, mean ± SD, days) | 53.0 ± 66.0 | 53.0 ± 66.0 | ||
Number of hospitalizations b | 4.0 ± 5.1 | 3.5 ± 4.7 | 4.7 ± 5.5 | 0.528 |
Years of educationa | 0.912 | |||
≤ 9 | 36 | 18 | 18 | |
> 9- ≤ 12 | 36 | 20 | 16 | |
> 12 | 32 | 17 | 15 | |
Marital statea | ||||
Single | 71 | 34 | 37 | 0.372 |
Married | 20 | 13 | 7 | |
Divorced | 14 | 8 | 6 | |
Widow | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Partnersa | ||||
Yes | 84 | 45 | 39 | 0.635 |
No | 21 | 10 | 11 | |
Antipsychotic medicationb Antipsychotic dose (SGA + FGA) (CP equivalent, mean ± SD, mg/day) | 617.2 ± 349.9 | 558.1 ± 360.0 | 682.2 ± 323.0 | 0.67 |
Antipsychotic dose of SGA (CP equivalent, mean ± SD, mg/day) | 582.8 ± 337.5 | 533.2 ± 352.8 | 637.4 ± 316.7 | 0.114 |
Antipsychotic dose of FGA (CP equivalent, mean ± SD, mg/day) | 34.9 ± 108.23 | 24.9 ± 84.6 | 44.8 ± 129.5 | 0.351 |
Assessment of self-stigma
Assessment of autistic symptoms
Assessment of depressive symptoms
Assessment of recovery
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Total samples (N = 105) | Outpatients (N = 55, 52.3%) | Inpatients (N = 50, 47.7%) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ISMI total score | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 0.515 |
Alienation | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.78 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 0.455 |
Stereotype endorsement | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 0.608 |
Perceived discrimination | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.556 |
Social withdrawal | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 0.412 |
Stigma resistance | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 0.633 |
AQ total score | 23.9 ± 6.4 | 23.1 ± 6.5 | 24.7 ± 6.3 | 0.161 |
Social skills | 4.8 ± 2.4 | 4.7 ± 2.4 | 5.0 ± 2.3 | 0.4 |
Attention switching | 5.3 ± 2.1 | 5.1 ± 1.8 | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 0.171 |
Attention to detail | 5.3 ± 2.1 | 4.8 ± 2.2 | 5.8 ± 1.9 | 0.021* |
Communication skills | 4.1 ± 2.3 | 4.0 ± 2.2 | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 0.756 |
Imagination | 4.4 ± 2.0 | 4.4 ± 1.9 | 4.4 ± 2.2 | 0.992 |
QIDS | 10.4 ± 6.4 | 10.2 ± 6.9 | 10.5 ± 5.8 | 0.55 |
RAS | 78.8 ± 18.2 | 79.3 ± 18.7 | 78.3 ± 17.9 | 0.557 |
Bivariate correlations between self-stigma, autistic and depressive symptoms, recovery, and patient characteristics
Age | Age of onset | Number of hospitalizations | Years of education | Antipsychotci dose | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISMI total score | −0.069 | − 0.151 | 0.017 | 0.088 | 0.105 |
Alienation | −0.147 | −0.176 | 0.006 | 0.067 | 0.086 |
Stereotype endorsement | 0.041 | −0.136 | 0.081 | 0.077 | 0.162 |
Perceived discrimination | −0.119 | −0.223 | 0.046 | 0.078 | 0.131 |
Social withdrawal | −0.078 | −0.106 | 0.021 | 0.044 | 0.118 |
Stigma resistance | 0.024 | 0.088 | 0.02 | 0.017 | −0.104 |
AQ total score | −0.171 | − 0.34* | 0.005 | − 0.03 | 0.268 |
Social skills | −0.085 | −0.201 | − 0.206 | −0.119 | 0.04 |
Attention switching | −0.068 | −0.309 | 0.076 | −0.038 | 0.261 |
Attention to detail | −0.088 | −0.167 | 0.214 | −0.022 | 0.09 |
Communication skills | −0.244 | −0.272 | − 0.064 | −0.008 | 0.217 |
Imagination | −0.062 | −0.116 | 0.012 | 0.054 | 0.169 |
QIDS | −0.073 | −0.349* | 0.084 | −0.012 | 0.267 |
RAS | −0.007 | 0.124 | −0.049 | −0.032 | − 0.068 |
ISMI total score | Alienation | Stereotype endorsement | Perceived discrimination | Social withdrawal | Stigma resistance | QIDS | RAS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AQ total score | 0.475*** | 0.393** | 0.424*** | 0.465*** | 0.413*** | 0.086 | 0.554*** | −0.462*** |
Social skills | 0.312 | 0.207 | 0.242 | 0.261 | 0.247 | 0.252 | 0.306 | −0.458*** |
Attention switching | 0.385** | 0.373** | 0.366** | 0.325 | 0.346* | 0.009 | 0.474*** | −0.295 |
Attention to detail | 0.114 | 0.133 | 0.087 | 0.136 | 0.137 | −0.092 | 0.069 | 0.041 |
Communication skills | 0.345* | 0.253 | 0.277 | 0.411*** | 0.303 | 0.036 | 0.505*** | −0.304 |
Imagination | 0.252 | 0.21 | 0.286 | 0.246 | 0.182 | 0.06 | 0.307 | −0.321 |
QIDS | 0.65*** | 0.558*** | 0.596*** | 0.659*** | 0.597*** | 0.006 | −0.56*** | |
RAS | −0.574*** | −0.422*** | − 0.516*** | −0.475*** | − 0.431*** | −0.385** | − 0.56*** |