Background
Objectives
Methods
Sampling
Physical diagnoses
Psychopathology instruments
Procedures
Data analyses
Results
Characteristics of the overall sample
Characteristics of the participants with a physical illness
Disease | Living condition | Level of education | Marital status | Gender | Age | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%)b | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Mean (SD) | |||||||||
Low | Medium | High | Illiterate/Primary | High school | College/University | Single | Married | Divor-ced | Widow | Male | Female | ||
Diabetes (N = 248) | 28 (11.3) | 171 (69.0) | 48 (19.8) | 98 (39.5) | 55 (22.2) | 95 (38.3) | 16 (6.5) | 193 (77.9) | 7 (2.8) | 32 (12.9) | 120 (48.4) | 128 (51.6) | 49 (13) |
Hypertension (N = 229) | 29 (12.7) | 157 (68.6) | 43 (18.8) | 86 (37.5) | 49 (21.4) | 94 (42.1) | 14 (6.1) | 177 (77.3) | 6 (2.6) | 32 (14.0) | 103 (45.0) | 126 (55.0) | 49.9 (12) |
Othersa (N = 63) | 5 (7.9) | 45 (71.4) | 13 (20.6) | 9 (14.2) | 13 (20.6) | 41 (65.1) | 11 (17.5) | 46 (73.0) | 6 (9.5) | – | 15 (23.8) | 48 (76.2) | 37.4 (11) |
Heart disease (N = 48) | 1 (2.1) | 33 (68.8) | 14 (29.2) | 22 (45.8) | 9 (18.8) | 17 (35.4) | 3 (6.3) | 36 (75.0) | 1 (2.1) | 8 (16.7) | 24 (50.0) | 24 (50.0) | 52.7 (13) |
Asthma (N = 82) | 6 (7.3) | 59 (72.0) | 17 (20.7) | 11 (13.4) | 18 (22.0) | 53 (64.7) | 14 (17.1) | 60 (73.2) | 6 (7.3) | 2 (2.4) | 25 (30.5) | 57 (69.5) | 35.9 (10) |
Mental - physical comorbidity
Diabetes (N = 248) | Hypertension (N = 229) | Others (N = 63) | Heart Disease (N = 48) | Asthma (N = 82) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Mental Disorder (n, %) | 134 (54.0) | 110 (48.0) | 20 (31.7) | 19 (39.6) | 27 (32.9) |
Somatization (n, %) | 34 (13.7) | 41 (17.9) | 11 (17.5) | 10 (20.8) | 15 (18.3) |
Anxiety (n, %) | 3 (1.2) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (3.26) | 0 | 2 (2.4) |
Depression (n, %) | 12 (4.8) | 6 (2.6) | 2 (3.2) | 1 (2.1) | 2 (2.4) |
Somatization + Anxiety (n, %) | 10 (4.0) | 12 (5.2) | 1 (1.6) | 3 (6.3) | 3 (3.7) |
Anxiety + Depression (n, %) | 6 (2.4) | 7 (3.1) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (4.2) | 2 (2.4) |
Somatization + Depression (n, %) | 15 (6.0) | 16 (7.0) | 8 (12.7) | 3 (6.3) | 13 (15.9) |
All 3 mental disorders (n, %) | 34 (13.7) | 33 (14.4) | 18 (28.6) | 10 (20.8) | 18 (22) |
Statistics | χ 2 = 6.45 | χ 2 = 20.7 | χ 2 = 37.9 | χ 2 = 13.4 | χ 2 = 41.3 |
df | df = 7 | df = 7 | df = 7 | df = 7 | df = 7 |
p value | p > 0.05 | p < 0.004 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.063 | p = 0.0001 |
Number of physical illnessesa | PHQ-15: Somatization | GAD-7: Anxiety | PHQ-9: Depression |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
No physical illness (n = 376) | 6.8 (4.7) | 4.6 (4.5) | 5.6 (4.9) |
One physical illness(n = 275) | 8.5 (5.9) | 5.9 (5.3) | 6.8 (6.2) |
Two physical illnesses (n = 148) | 9.6 (6.3) | 6.9 (6.2) | 8.1 (6.9) |
Three or more physical illnesses (n = 33) | 11.1 (6.2) | 8.6 (7.7) | 8.7 (6.5) |
Statistics, p value | F3, 828 = 18.9, p < 0.001 | F3, 828 = 13.9, p < 0.001 | F3, 828 = 10.8, p < 0.001 |
Multiple comparisons | 3 & 2 illnesses > 1 and no illness | 3 & 2 illnesses > 1 and no illness | 3, 2, and 1 illnesses > no illness |
Specific physical illness | |||
Diabetes mellitus (n = 248) | 8.3 (5.9) | 6.3 (6.0) | 7.0 (6.6) |
Hypertension (n = 229) | 8.9 (5.9) | 6.5 (6.3) | 7.4 (6.6) |
Heart disease (n = 48) | 10.0 (6.4) | 7.5 (7.1) | 8.2 (6.8) |
Asthma (n = 82) | 11.8 (6.6) | 7.3 (5.2) | 8.9 (6.2) |
p value | F3,603 = 7.4; p < 0.01 for asthma vs. diabetes and hypertension | P > 0.05 | F = 1.9; p > 0.05. But for asthma vs. diabetes: t = 2.4, p < 0.02 |