Introduction
Methods
Study design and sample
Noise annoyance
Measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Variable | Not at all (n = 1018) | Slightly (n = 1372) | Moderately (n = 1160) | Strongly (n = 780) | Extremely (n = 496) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female sex, no. (%) | 529 (52.0) | 631 (46.0) | 561 (48.4) | 378 (48.5) | 269 (54.2) | 0.016 |
Age, years | 56.8 ± 10.7 | 54.2 ± 10.7 | 55.6 ± 11.2 | 54.5 ± 11.1 | 55.5 ± 10.8 | 0.65 |
Socioeconomic status | 11.99 ± 4.38 | 13.19 ± 4.42 | 12.67 ± 4.34 | 12.90 ± 4.49 | 12.40 ± 4.41 | 0.13 |
Time at current residence, years | 20.65 ± 15.40 | 19.26 ± 14.65 | 20.80 ± 15.44 | 19.80 ± 14.92 | 19.46 ± 15.21 | 0.38 |
Night shift work, no. (%) | 251 (24.7) | 349 (25.4) | 301 (25.9) | 233 (29.9) | 131 (26.4) | 0.91 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
MR-proANP (pmol/L) | 65.7 (49.9/89.5) | 63.6 (47.7/85.4) | 67.2 (50.0/89.8) | 65.0 (48.0/90.9) | 69.0 (51.0/96.0) | 0.013 |
Diabetes mellitus, no. (%) | 119 (11.7) | 110 (8.1) | 109 (9.5) | 77 (9.9) | 45 (9.1) | 0.81 |
Hypertension, no. (%) | 534 (52.5) | 684 (49.9) | 605 (52.2) | 382 (49.0) | 246 (49.6) | 0.60 |
Current smoking, no. (%) | 205 (20.1) | 247 (18.0) | 227 (19.6) | 141 (18.1) | 114 (23.0) | 0.036 |
Obesity, no. (%) | 292 (28.7) | 293 (21.4) | 273 (23.5) | 182 (23.3) | 108 (21.8) | 0.29 |
Dyslipidemia, no. (%) | 479 (47.1) | 581 (42.3) | 527 (45.5) | 339 (43.6) | 230 (46.5) | 0.42 |
Family history of myocardial infarction or stroke, no. (%) | 242 (23.8) | 315 (23.0) | 270 (23.3) | 170 (21.8) | 118 (23.8) | 0.69 |
Medication, no. (%) | ||||||
Antidiabetic medication (A10) | 71 (7.0) | 63 (4.6) | 68 (5.9) | 53 (6.8) | 31 (6.3) | 0.76 |
Antithrombotic agents (B01) | 139 (13.7) | 137 (10.0) | 163 (14.1) | 91 (11.7) | 64 (13.0) | 0.66 |
Antihypertensives (C02) | 13 (1.3) | 11 (0.8) | 7 (0.6) | 9 (1.2) | 8 (1.6) | 0.15 |
Diuretics (C03) | 64 (6.3) | 57 (4.2) | 73 (6.3) | 49 (6.3) | 33 (6.7) | 0.36 |
Beta-blockers (C07) | 174 (17.1) | 216 (15.8) | 196 (16.9) | 113 (14.5) | 78 (15.8) | 0.90 |
Calcium channel blocker (C08) | 86 (8.5) | 80 (5.9) | 80 (6.9) | 58 (7.4) | 40 (8.1) | 0.41 |
Agents acting on the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (C09) | 249 (24.5) | 278 (20.3) | 276 (23.8) | 175 (22.5) | 116 (23.5) | 0.69 |
Lipid modifying agents (C10) | 160 (15.8) | 153 (11.2) | 150 (12.9) | 103 (13.2) | 66 (13.4) | 0.89 |
Noise annoyance
Association between noise annoyance and MR-proANP
Noise annoyance | n | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta estimate per point increase [95% CI] | p value | Beta estimate per point increase [95% CI] | P value | Beta estimate per point increase [95% CI] | p value | ||
During day | |||||||
Road traffic | 4,766 | 0.0037 [− 0.0085; 0.016] | 0.55 | 0.0051 [− 0.0072; 0.017] | 0.41 | 0.0053 [− 0.0061; 0.017] | 0.36 |
Aircraft | 4,764 | 0.017 [0.0077; 0.027] | 0.00046 | 0.016 [0.0061; 0.026] | 0.0015 | 0.016 [0.0070; 0.025] | 0.00049 |
Railway | 4,761 | 0.016 [− 0.0019; 0.034] | 0.080 | 0.018 [− 0.000049; 0.036] | 0.051 | 0.013 [− 0.0035; 0.029] | 0.12 |
Neighborhood | 4,764 | 0.013 [− 0.000043; 0.027] | 0.051 | 0.016 [0.0021; 0.029] | 0.024 | 0.0098 [− 0.0027; 0.022] | 0.12 |
Industrial/construction | 4,763 | 0.015 [− 0.0034; 0.034] | 0.11 | 0.016 [− 0.0025; 0.034] | 0.091 | 0.019 [0.0021; 0.036] | 0.028 |
During sleep | |||||||
Road traffic | 4,748 | 0.0086 [− 0.0086; 0.026] | 0.33 | 0.0100 [− 0.0072; 0.027] | 0.26 | 0.0081 [− 0.0078; 0.024] | 0.32 |
Aircraft | 4,746 | 0.023 [0.012; 0.033] | < 0.0001 | 0.021 [0.0098; 0.031] | 0.00018 | 0.020 [0.010; 0.030] | < 0.0001 |
Railway | 4,746 | 0.032 [0.0097; 0.055] | 0.0051 | 0.033 [0.010; 0.055] | 0.0041 | 0.028 [0.0075; 0.049] | 0.0078 |
Neighborhood | 4,747 | − 0.0014 [− 0.019; 0.016] | 0.87 | 0.0012 [− 0.016; 0.018] | 0.89 | 0.0014 [− 0.015; 0.018] | 0.87 |
Industrial/construction | 4,744 | 0.018 [− 0.019; 0.056] | 0.34 | 0.019 [− 0.019; 0.056] | 0.33 | 0.020 [− 0.014; 0.054] | 0.25 |
Overall | |||||||
Total noise annoyance during day | 4,766 | 0.015 [0.0060; 0.025] | 0.0014 | 0.015 [0.0059; 0.025] | 0.0014 | 0.014 [0.0057; 0.023] | 0.0012 |
Total noise annoyance during sleep | 4,750 | 0.012 [0.0021; 0.021] | 0.017 | 0.011 [0.0011; 0.020] | 0.029 | 0.011 [0.0019; 0.020] | 0.017 |
Total noise annoyance | 4,767 | 0.014 [0.0044; 0.023] | 0.0037 | 0.013 [0.0043; 0.023] | 0.0041 | 0.013 [0.0041; 0.021] | 0.0036 |
Impact of MR-proANP on incident cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality
n | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio per SD [95% CI] | p value | Odds ratio per SD [95% CI] | P value | Odds ratio per SD [95% CI] | p value | ||
Estimates for incident atrial fibrillation | |||||||
MR-proANP | 3386 | 3.31 [2.31; 4.81] | < 0.0001 | 3.19 [2.22; 4.65] | < 0.0001 | 2.82 [1.86; 4.35] | < 0.0001 |
Estimates for incident cardiovascular disease (comprising atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or stroke) | |||||||
MR-proANP | 3015 | 1.33 [1.04; 1.71] | 0.025 | 1.33 [1.03; 1.71] | 0.026 | 1.49 [1.13; 1.96] | 0.0046 |
n | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hazard ratio per SD [95% CI] | p value | Hazard ratio per SD [95% CI] | p value | Hazard ratio per SD [95% CI] | p value | ||
Estimates for all-cause mortality | |||||||
MR-proANP | 4830 | 1.41 [1.26; 1.58] | < 0.0001 | 1.42 [1.27; 1.60] | < 0.0001 | 1.36 [1.19; 1.55] | < 0.0001 |