Background
The role of mitochondria in cardiovascular system
Key signal pathways in mitochondria
Mitochondria dysfunction and CVD
Mitochondrial transfer between cells and spontaneous mitochondrial transfer
Strategy and mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in CVD
Donors | Condition | Recipients | Mechanism | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human endothelial progenitor cells | Ex vivo | Rat cardiomyocytes | TNTs | The formation of intercellular junctions | Koyanagi et al. [46] |
Human MSCs | In vivo | Rat cardiomyocytes | TNTs | Cell-to-cell crosstalk between MSCs and cardiomyocytes in co-culture | Plotnikov et al. [47] |
MSCs | In vitro | Rat cardio-myoblasts | TNTs and cell fusion | Preserved cardio-myoblasts bioenergetics | Cselenyák et al. [48] |
hBM-MSCs | In vitro | Adult mouse cardiomyocytes | Cell fusion | Metabolic reprogramming, transformation to progenitor state | Acquistapace et al. [49] |
hMSCs | In vitro | Human vascular smooth muscle cells | TNTs | increased MSC proliferation | Vallabhaneni et al. [50] |
hBM-MSCs | In vitro | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells | TNTs | Increased mitochondria biogenesis, decreased cell apoptosis, increased proliferation and finally promoted cell survival | Liu et al. [42] |
BM-MSCs and iPSC-MSCs | In vivo | Mouse cardiomyocytes (doxorubicin-induced damage) | TNTs | Increased ATP production and mitochondria biogenesis, increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis | Zhang et al. [51] |
BM-MSCs | In vitro | Rat cardiomyocytes | TNTs | Restored mitochondrial function, decreased cell apoptosis | Han et al. [52] |
hMADSs | In vitro and in vivo | Cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells | TNTs | Increased mitochondrial biogenesis, decreased cell apoptosis | Mahrouf-Yorgov et al. [53] |
Naked mitochondrial transplantation
TNTs
Cell fusion
EVs
Methods | Safety | Efficacy | Fexibility |
---|---|---|---|
Co-incubation | Low accuracy High risk of mitochondria damage | Moderate transfer efficiency mtDNA retention up to 12 passages | Reduced manipulation of large numbers of transplant recipient cells; easy to realize |
Microinjection | Potentially harmful for the target, high risk of mitochondria damage | mtDNA is retained from 6–10 weeks after treatment | Limited number of cells transplanted |
EVs | Mitochondrial and cellular integrity preservation | mtDNA retention not known | Low manipulation, easy to realize |
Therapeutic practices of mitochondrial transplantation for CVD
Myocardial I/R injury
Species | Type of model | Mitochondrial sources | Injection sites and methods | Therapeutic outcomes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Zealand white rabbits | Focal ischemia | Left ventricular | Direct injection into regional ischemia zone of the heart | Recovery of myocardial function | McCully et al. [37] |
New Zealand white rabbits | Focal ischemia | Pectoralis major muscle tissues | Direct injection into regional ischemia zone of the heart | Reduced myocardial infarct size and enhanced regional myocardial function post-reperfusion | Masuzawa et al. [32] |
New Zealand white rabbits | Global or regional ischemia | (1) xenograft: human cardiac fibroblasts (2) autograft: liver | Intracoronary injection (120 min after reperfusion) | Reduced infarct size and enhanced myocardial function | Cowan et al. [38] |
Yorkshire pigs | Focal ischemia | pectoralis major muscle tissues | Direct injection under the endocardium (1 min before reperfusion) | No change in inflammatory and cytokine activation markers; decreased infarct size but no change in global function | Kaza et al. [71] |
Yorkshire swine | Focal ischemia | Pectoralis major muscle tissues | Intracoronary injection (immediately on reperfusion) | Improved myocardial function, perfusion, and infarct size | Shin et al.[72] |
Yorkshire pigs | Global ischemia | Pectoralis major muscle; swine cardiac fibroblast cell | Intracoronary injection: 15 min or 2 h post-reperfusion | Preserved myocardial function and oxygen consumption and, decreased infarct size | Guariento et al. [78] |
Yorkshire pigs | Focal ischemia | Pectoralis major muscle tissues | Intracoronary injection (15 min before regional ischemia) | Reduced myocardial infarct size, improved myocardial function | Guariento et al. [73] |
Yorkshire pigs | Focal ischemia | Pectoralis major muscle tissues | Direct injection into the left coronary ostium | Reduced myocardial infarct size and enhanced regional and global myocardial function post-reperfusion | Blitzer et al. [79] |
C57BL/6 | Focal ischemia | gastrocnemius muscle | Intracoronary injection (10 min before organ harvest and 5 min after transplantation) | Enhanced graft function and decreased graft tissue injury | Moskowitzova et al. [74] |
Zucker Fatty rats | Global ischemia | Pectoralis major muscle tissues | Delivery to the coronary arteries via the aortic cannula | Recovery of left ventricular function, reduction of infarct size and area at risk | Doulamis et al. [76] |
C57BL/6 | Focal ischemia | Not reported | Direct injection at myocardium of the left ventricle | Inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro | Sun et al. [39] |