Low back pain (LBP) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal complaint among professional and amateur golfers; however, associated radiological changes in golf-related LBP have not been examined in the literature. We suspect that Modic Type 1 changes in the lumbar spine are linked to golf-related LBP. In this retrospective case series, four middle-aged golfers (one professional and three high-level amateurs) presented to our clinic with LBP. Inflammation of the right side of endplates in the lumbar spine was suspected based on Modic Type 1 changes detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in each patient. All four cases were diagnosed with right-sided endplate inflammation and administered intradiscal steroid injections with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Treatment swiftly alleviated LBP and diminished Modic Type 1 changes on follow-up MRI 3–6 months later in all four patients. We suggest that Modic Type 1 changes play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of golf-related LBP.
Introduction
Golf is a widely popular sport boasting more than 27 million regular players in the U.S. [1]. Though physically less aggressive than other sports, golfers still sustain significant injuries [2]. The overwhelming majority of golfing injuries are attributed to the golf swing, usually from excessive use or poor swing mechanics [3, 4]. Commonly injured areas include the wrist, elbow, and shoulder, although the predominant musculoskeletal complaint among professional and amateur golfers is low back pain (LBP) [4‐7].
The golf swing imposes significant compression, anterior-posterior shearing, torsion, and lateral-bending forces on the lumbar spine [8], predisposing the lower back to a myriad of injures [9]. As the number of participants in golf continues to rise, sports medicine physicians should be familiar with common presentations of golf-related LBP and their radiological findings. Few reports however describe the radiological characteristics of LBP in golfers.
Anzeige
MRI is crucial to the standard evaluation of LBP [10]. More recently, vertebral endplate signal changes, or Modic changes [11], have been linked to LBP in occupational and clinical populations [12‐18]. The relationship between Modic change and golf-related LBP, however, has yet to be reported. Here we present four cases of golf-related LBP in which Modic classification was employed as part of their evaluation.
Materials and methods
We retrospectively investigated four middle-aged male golfers (one professional and three high-level amateurs) complaining of LBP (Table 1). The mean age of the patients was 53.8 years, ranging from 47 to 59 years. No patients had a history of scoliosis, limb length discrepancy, or hip pathology. To our knowledge they did not play other sports or experience any other injuries. Using T1 and T2-weighted MRI findings plus short inversion-time inversion recovery (STIR) and fat saturation sequences, endplate changes in the lower spine were classified as Modic Type 1 (inflammation), Type 2 (fatty replacement), or Type 3 (sclerotic change) [11, 19]. Reconstruction computed tomography (CT) was utilized for further characterization of abnormalities.
Table 1
Four golfers with low back pain
Case
Patient description
Chief complaint
CT findings
MRI findings
Treatment
Prognosis, Follow-up
1
47-year-old professional tour golfer
Low back pain during forward swing of golf swing
Coronal and right parasagittal views show unilateral sclerotic changes to right side of vertebral bodies L4-L5, intervertebral disc narrowing, and a cyst on right side of inferior endplate of L4
Right parasagittal view shows Modic Type 1 change to right side of vertebral endplates L4-L5
Intradiscal steroid injections 3x plus NSAID
Modic Type 1 change absent after 6 months
2
54-year-old high-level amateur golfer
Low back pain during forward swing of golf swing
Not taken
Right parasagittal view shows Modic Type 1 change to right side of vertebral endplates L4-L5
Intradiscal steroid injections 2x plus NSAID
Modic Type 1 change decreased after 6 months
3
55-year-old high-level amateur golfer
Low back pain during forward swing of golf swing
Coronal view shows osteophytes on right side of vertebral bodies L5-S and intervertebral disc narrowing
Right parasagittal view shows Modic Type 1 change to right side of vertebral endplates L5-S
Intradiscal steroid injections 2x plus NSAID
Modic Type 1 change decreased after 3 months
4
59-year-old high-level amateur golfer
Low back pain during forward swing of golf swing
Coronal view shows severe intervertebral disc narrowing between vertebral bodies L5-S
Right parasagittal view shows Modic Type 1 change to right side of vertebral endplates L5-S; left parasagittal view shows Modic Type 2 change to left side of vertebral endplates L5-S
Intradiscal steroid injections 2x plus NSAID
Modic Type 1 change absent after 3 months
Results
Case 1
A 47-year-old male professional tour golfer presented with a 6-year history of LBP. The primary aggravating factor was the forward swing of his golf swing, limiting his play to only nine holes of golf on an 18-hole course [20‐22]. Apart from golf, the patient did not experience any LBP and was otherwise in good general health.
On physical examination, straight leg raise test was negative on the left and right to 90º. Femoral nerve stretch test and neurological examination were negative. Sensory function was intact and all reflexes were found to be normoactive.
Anzeige
Analysis of right parasagittal T1 and T2-weighted MRI with STIR revealed unilateral Modic Type 1 changes at the L4-L5 level in the patient’s lumbar spine (Fig. 1A). Coronal and right parasagittal CT findings showed unilateral and sclerotic endplate changes at the L4-L5 level, intervertebral disc narrowing, and a cyst located on the right inferior endplate of vertebral body L4 (Fig. 1B). The patient was diagnosed with right-sided endplate inflammation and administered three intradiscal steroid injections to the affected endplates at 1-month intervals. An NSAID was prescribed in conjunction with the treatment. Shortly after the first intradiscal steroid injection, complete alleviation of his LBP was obtained. A 6-month follow-up MRI confirmed the disappearance of the original Modic Type 1 changes (Fig. 1C). Currently, he was able to resume playing all 18 holes of golf.
Fig. 1
A Right parasagittal MRI shows a Modic Type 1 change (a, b). Short time inversion recovery (STIR) showing high vertebral endplate signal intensity at the L4-L5 level (c). B Coronal and right parasagittal CT findings show unilateral and sclerotic endplate changes at the L4-L5 level, intervertebral disc narrowing, and a cyst located on the right inferior endplate of vertebral body L4. C Right parasagittal STIR MRI 6 months after initial presentation shows disappearance of original vertebral endplate signal hyper-intensity at the L4-L5 level
×
Case 2
A 54-year-old male high-level amateur golfer presented with a several-year history of LBP and the same aggravating factors as described in Case 1. AP radiograph showed unilateral intervertebral disc narrowing and sclerotic changes at the L4-L5 level, which corresponded to high vertebral endplate signal intensity on a coronal T2-weighted image with fat suppression (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
AP radiograph shows unilateral and sclerotic endplate changes at the L4-L5 level and intervertebral disc narrowing. Coronal T2-weighted image with fat suppression shows high vertebral endplate signal intensity at the L4-L5 level
×
Diagnosis and treatment were the same as in Case 1. Shortly after the first intradiscal steroid injection, complete alleviation of his LBP was obtained.
Case 3
A 55-year-old male high-level amateur golfer presented with a several-year history of LBP and the same aggravating factors described in Case 1. Coronal CT scan showed osteophytes on the right side of vertebral endplates at the L5-S level, as well as intervertebral disc narrowing (Fig. 3A). MRI revealed Modic Type 1 changes that mimicked the first two cases as well (Fig. 3B). Diagnosis and treatment were the same as in Case 1. Shortly after the first intradiscal steroid injection, complete alleviation of his LBP was obtained. A 3-month follow-up MRI confirmed the reduction of Modic Type 1 changes (Fig. 3C).
Fig. 3
A Coronal CT scan shows osteophytes on the right side of vertebral endplates L4 and L5, as well as intervertebral disc narrowing. B Right parasagittal MRI shows a Modic Type 1 change. STIR MRI shows high vertebral endplate signal intensity on the right side at the L5-S level. C A 3-month follow-up MRI confirmed the reduction of Modic Type 1 changes
×
Case 4
A 59-year-old male high-level amateur golfer presented with a several-year history of LBP and the same aggravating factors as described in Case 1. Coronal CT findings revealed severe intervertebral disc narrowing at the L5-S1 level (Fig. 4A). MRI revealed unilateral and multilevel (L5-S1) Modic Type 1 changes to the right side of the patient’s lumbar spine (Fig. 4B). Additionally, Modic Type 2 endplate changes were observed on the left side of the same vertebrae. Diagnosis and treatment were the same as in Case 1. Shortly after the first intradiscal steroid injection, complete alleviation of his LBP was obtained.
Fig. 4
A Coronal CT findings revealed severe intervertebral disc narrowing at L5-S1. B MRI revealed unilateral and multilevel (L5-S1) Modic Type 1 changes to the right side of the patient’s lumbar spine, while Modic Type 2 endplate changes were observed on the left side of the same vertebrae
×
These patients and their families were informed that data from their cases would be submitted for publication and gave their consent.
Discussion
The golf swing is responsible for the majority of golf-related injuries usually from overuse or poor swing mechanics [3, 4]. According to the literature, the swing can be broken down into four basic stages: the backswing or take away, the forward swing, the acceleration or impact phase, and the early and late follow-through [3, 20‐23]. All patients in this study experienced LBP during the forward swing. Pink et al. analyzed the muscle-firing patterns of 23 golfers with handicaps of five or below. In their analysis, the erector muscles of the right side peaked during the forward swing [21]. This repetitive movement could cause the right-sided trunk injury and endplate inflammation found in the present cases.
LBP in golfers can originate from several types of swing-related injuries including muscle strains, facet arthropathy, herniated nucleus pulposus, spondylolisthesis, and stress fractures of the vertebral body and pars interarticularis [9]. All patients in this study were diagnosed with endplate inflammation of the lumbar spine specifically localized to the right side. An anterior view three-dimensional finite element lumbar spine model at L3 to S1 showed increased stress around the right side of vertebral endplates during right bending (Fig. 5). This coincided with inflammation detected in the same area on MRI suggesting a biomechanical relationship between the forward swing and LBP. Most golfers, including our patients and other professionals, use a right-handed stance to swing the golf club [20]. Assuming the injury is linked to the biomechanics of right-handedness, one would predict right-sided endplate inflammation to be a relatively common cause of golf-related LBP. However, reports of this injury were not found in our review of the literature. It is believed that inflammation, characterized by Modic Type 1 changes on MRI, arises on the right side of vertebral endplates of lumbar vertebrae as the result of repetitive compression, shearing and torsion forces placed there during the forward swing of a right-handed golfer. Nonetheless, further investigation into the etiology of right-sided endplate inflammation, as it pertains to the biomechanics of a right-handed golf swing, is warranted.
Fig. 5
Finite element lumbar spine model at L3 to S1 shows increased stress on the right side around vertebral endplates during right lateral bending
×
Anzeige
MRI is ideal for detecting disc and subchondral bone marrow signal changes [24, 25]. Modic changes as first described by Modic et al. are characterized by comparing vertebral endplate signal changes on T1 and T2-weighted MRI. These comparisons are then categorized into one of three types: Type 1 (low intensity, high intensity), Type 2 (high intensity, high intensity), or Type 3 (low intensity, low intensity) [11, 19]. Modic Type 1 changes are generally associated with inflammation or neovascularity mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines [11, 19, 26]. This would account for LBP in the present cases Moreover, asymptomatic patients exhibiting Modic Type 1 changes are very rare [27]. In this study, successful treatment of affected endplates was guided by Modic Type 1 changes, suggesting that Modic classification has potential to be an effective diagnostic tool for LBP in golfers. Appreciating that lower back injuries account for 15–34% of all injuries in amateurs and 22–24% of all injuries in professionals [3, 4, 6, 7, 28, 29], the potential of Modic change as a diagnostic tool in golf-related LBP demands further study.
Conclusions
Four cases of golf-related LBP exhibiting Modic Type 1 changes in the lumbar spine were diagnosed with right-sided endplate inflammation. Treatment with intradiscal steroid injections swiftly alleviated LBP and led to a disappearance of Modic Type 1 changes on follow-up MRI in all four patients. Therefore, we suggest that Modic Type 1 changes are considered in the diagnosis and treatment of LBP in golfers. Continued biomechanical research into the golf swing’s different stages and association to right-sided endplate inflammation will provide further knowledge necessary to determine the exact role of Modic change in golf-related LBP.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Mit e.Med Orthopädie & Unfallchirurgie erhalten Sie Zugang zu CME-Fortbildungen der Fachgebiete, den Premium-Inhalten der dazugehörigen Fachzeitschriften, inklusive einer gedruckten Zeitschrift Ihrer Wahl.
Mit e.Med Radiologie erhalten Sie Zugang zu CME-Fortbildungen des Fachgebietes Radiologie, den Premium-Inhalten der radiologischen Fachzeitschriften, inklusive einer gedruckten Radiologie-Zeitschrift Ihrer Wahl.
In einer Leseranfrage in der Zeitschrift Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology möchte ein anonymer Dermatologe bzw. eine anonyme Dermatologin wissen, ob er oder sie einen Patienten behandeln muss, der eine rassistische Tätowierung trägt.
Extreme Arbeitsverdichtung und kaum Supervision: Dr. Andrea Martini, Sprecherin des Bündnisses Junge Ärztinnen und Ärzte (BJÄ) über den Frust des ärztlichen Nachwuchses und die Vorteile des Rucksack-Modells.
Darauf haben viele Praxen gewartet: Das Zi hat eine Liste von Praxisverwaltungssystemen veröffentlicht, die von Nutzern positiv bewertet werden. Eine gute Grundlage für wechselwillige Ärztinnen und Psychotherapeuten.
Akuter Schwindel stellt oft eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Wie nützlich dabei eine MRT ist, hat eine Studie aus Finnland untersucht. Immerhin einer von sechs Patienten wurde mit akutem ischämischem Schlaganfall diagnostiziert.
Update Radiologie
Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletterund bleiben Sie gut informiert.
