Background
Wearable device’s based on mosquitoes repellents available on the markert
Controlled-release devices | Polymeric material | Repellent | Preparation method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Microporous polymer
| ||||
Microporous polymer | HDPE/EVA | DEET | TIPS method by Electrospining | [13] |
Microporous polymer | LLDPE and EVA/clay nanocomposite | DEET and Icaridin | Thermally Induced Phase Separation method | [14] |
Microporous polymer | LLDPE | Citronellal | Thermally Induced Phase Separation method | [117] |
Microporous polymer | PLA | DEET | Thermally Induced Phase Separation method | [123] |
Microporous polymer | Cellulose acetate or polyvinylpyrrolidone micro/nanofibrous matrices | Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) oil | Electrospining | [177] |
Microporous polymer | Bio-degradable polymer (PLA/PBAT) | Pine (Pinus sylvestris) essential oil | Thermally Induced Phase Separation method | [178] |
Nanoemulsions/microemulsion
| ||||
Nanoemulsion | Montanov®82 (a mixture of cetearyl alcohol and cocoyl glucoside) | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | High-pressure homogenization | [56] |
Nanoemulsion | Montanov®82 (a mixture of cetearyl alcohol and cocoyl glucoside) | Citronella (C. nardus) oil, hairy basil (Ocimum americanum) oil and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) oil | High-pressure homogenization | [55] |
Nanoemulsion | Tween 20 [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate] | Neem seed (Azadirachta indica) oil | Ultrasonication | [50] |
Nanoemulsion | Sorbitane trioleate and polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether with mean HLB number 1.8 and 15.0 | D-limonene | Ultrasonication | [179] |
Nanoemulsion | Tween 80 (HLB = 15) and SPAN 80 (HLB = 4.3) | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | Ultrasonication | [57] |
Nanoemulsion | Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate (Tween® 80) and sorbitan monooleate (Span® 80) | Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil | Ultrasonication | [180] |
Nanoemulsion | EL-20, EL-40, EL-60, and EL-80 [polyoxyethylene (20, 40, 60, and 80) | D-limonene | Phase transition composition | [58] |
Nanoemulsion | Poloxamer 407 | Eugenol and thymol | High-energy stirring | [61] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Gelatin and Gum arabic | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | Complex coacervation | [31] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Copolymer poly(maleic anhydride-st-methyl vinyl ether − MAMVE) | Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) oil | Interfacial polycondensation | [181] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Gelatin and ethyl cellulose | Zanthoxylum limonella oil | Emulsion solvent evaporation | [182] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Polysaccharide | DEET | Interfacial precipitation | [37] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) | DEET | Interfacial polymerization | [36] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Gelatin and Gum arabic | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | Complex coacervation | [32] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Polyurethane | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | Interfacial polymerization | [30] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gum arabic (GA) and whey protein isolate/maltodextrin (WPI/MD) | Neem seed (A. indica) oil | Spray drying | [28] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Acacia gum | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | Spray drying | [183] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Gelatin | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | Simple coacervation | [33] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Polyurethane | DEET | Interfacial polycondensation | [44] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Polyester | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | Complex coacervation | [43] |
Polymeric nano/microcapsules | Ethyl cellulose shell | Limonene | Simple coacervation | [34] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Cetyl alcohol core/PEG 3350 and carboxymethylcellulose wall | DEET and Essential (Alpinia galangal, Citrus grandis and Citrus aurantifolia) oil | Interfacial polymerization | [184] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Polyurea and Polyurethane | DEET | Interfacial polymerization | [185] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Polyurea (PU) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) | DEET | Interfacial polymerization and Solvent evaporation | [186] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Polysaccharides | DEET | Interfacial precipitation | [38] |
Polymeric microcapsules | Carboxymethylated Tamarind Gum | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | Spray drying | [29] |
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles | ||||
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles | Compritol 888 ATO as lipid and Poloxamer 188 | Essential Oil | High-pressure homogenization | [71] |
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles | Tween® 20 | DEET | Melt-dispersion | [70] |
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles | Polyethylene glycol (PEG) | Garlic (Allium sativum) essential oil | Melt-dispersion | [72] |
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles | Tween® 80 (polysorbate 80, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) | Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential oil | Ultrasonic-solvent emulsification | [68] |
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles | Tween® 80 (polysorbate 80, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) | Geranium (P. graveolens) essential oil | Ultrasonic-solvent emulsification | [66] |
Cyclodextrins
| ||||
Cyclodextrin | β-cyclodextrin | Citrus sinensis essential oil (CSEO) | Paste complexation and Co-precipitation | [83] |
Cyclodextrin | β-cyclodextrin | Citronella (C. nardus) oil, Citronellal and Citronellol | Kneading | [86] |
Cyclodextrin | γ-cyclodextrin | DEET | Paste complexation | [187] |
Cyclodextrin | β-cyclodextrin | Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil | Mixing and heating, | [188] |
Cyclodextrin | β-cyclodextrin | Limonene | Conventional impregnation and coating | [80] |
Cyclodextrin | β-cyclodextrin | Geraniol and Linalool | Physical mixture, Slurry complexation and Paste complexation | [189] |
Cyclodextrin | β-cyclodextrin | Carvacrol and Linalool | Kneading | [190] |
Cyclodextrin | β-cyclodextrin | Citronella (C. nardus) oil | Mixing and heating | [88] |
Polymeric micelles | Poloxamer 407 (Pluronic® F127)a | Essential oil components (EOCs) | High-energy stirring | [79] |
Polymeric micelles | Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) | Diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA) | Polymerization followed by Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) emulsification method | [78] |
Polymeric micelles | Poloxamer 407 (Pluronic® F127) | DEET | High-speed Homogenizer | [77] |
Polymeric micelles | Poloxamer 407 (Pluronic® F127) | IR3535 | High-speed Homogenizer | [191] |
Mosquito‐repellent controlled‐release formulations
Mosquitoes | Product, active ingredient and concentration | Protection (%) | Repellency time (h) | Manufacturer | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Culex quinquefasciatus | Citriodiol® (30 %) based repellent (Mosiguard®) | 100 | 3 | Mosi-guard | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Citronella KAPS® | > 84 | 4 | KAPS Mosquito Repellent Patch 12 s | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Citronella MozAway® | > 84 | 4 | MozAway | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Citronella BioZ Natural® | > 81 | 4 | BioZ Natural | [184] |
Aedes aegypti | Citronellal | > 71 | 1 | * | [192] |
A. aegypti | Citronellol | > 77 | 1 | * | [192] |
A. aegypti | Geraniol | 78 | 1 | * | [192] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated formulation of Essential oil (Citrus aurantifolia) 20 % | > 85 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (C. aurantifolia) 15 % | > 84 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (C. aurantifolia) 10 % | > 75 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (C. aurantifolia) 5 % | > 63 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Non-encapsulated of Essential oil (C. aurantifolia 20 % | > 71 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Essential oil (Citrus grandis) 20 % microencapsuled | > 86 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Essential oil (C.s grandis) 15 % microencapsuled | > 83 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Essential oil (C. grandis) 10 % micrencapsulated | > 74 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Essential oil (C. grandis) 5 % micrencapsulated | > 65 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Non-encapsulated of Essential oil (C. grandis) 20 % | > 72 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (Alpinias galanga) 20 % | > 88 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (A.s galanga) 15 % | > 83 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (A. galanga) 10 % | > 76 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated of Essential oil (A. galanga) 5 % | > 71 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Non-encapsulated of Essential oil (A. galanga) 20 % | > 73 | 6 | * | [184] |
Anopheles subpictus | Essential oil (Zingiber officinale Rosc. 5 mg/m2) | > 85 | 3 | * | [193] |
An. subpictus | Essential oil (Rosmarinus officinalis L.5 mg/m2) | > 68 | 3 | * | [193] |
An. subpictus | Essential oil (Cymbopogan citrates Stapf. 5 mg/m2) | > 74 | 3 | * | [193] |
An. subpictus | Essential oil from (Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. 5 mg/m2) | > 61 | 3 | * | [193] |
Anopheles darlingi | 30 % PMD in ethanol | 97 | 4 | * | [194] |
Aedes ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus | 15 % PMD (derived by acid modification of Citronellal) | 99 | 5 | * | [194] |
A. aegypti | Hazomalania voyronii fresh bark essential oil (EO) 100 % | > 82 | 0.5 | * | [195] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Boesenbergia rotunda oil 10 % | - | 4 | * | [196] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Curcuma zedoaria oil 10 % | - | 3 | * | [196] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Zingiber cassumunar oil 10 % | - | 2 | * | [196] |
C. quinquefasciatus | L. petiolata oil 10 % | - | 3 | * | [196] |
A. aegypti | Hazomalania voyronii fresh bark essential oil (EO) 50 % | > 78 | 0.5 | * | [195] |
C. quinquefasciatus | H. voyronii fresh bark essential oil (EO) 100 % | > 98 | 0.5 | * | [195] |
Aedes albopictus | Citronella oil 5 % | > 57 | 2 | * | [197] |
A. aegypti | Citrodiol into the ethylcellulose nanofibrous | 100 | 816 | * | [198] |
Culex tritaeniorhynchus | Essential oil (Z. officinale Rosc. 5 mg/m2) | > 88 | 3 | * | [193] |
C. tritaeniorhynchus | Essential oil (R. officinalis L.5 mg/m2) | > 71 | 3 | * | [193] |
C. tritaeniorhynchus | Essential oil (C. citrates Stapf. 5 mg/m2) | > 79 | 3 | * | [193] |
C. tritaeniorhynchus | Essential oil from (C. zeylanicum L. 5 mg/m2) | > 64 | 3 | * | [193] |
An. darlingi | 15 % DEET in Ethanol | 85 | 4 | * | [194] |
A. ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus | 15 % DEET in Ethanol | 92 | 5 | * | [194] |
C. quinquefasciatus | 20 % DEET | - | 4 | * | [196] |
A. aegypti | 20 % DEET | - | 4 | * | [196] |
Anopheles gambiae and C. quinquefasciatus | DEET-treated nets (DEET-TN) | - | 1008 | * | [199] |
A. albopictus | Skinsations® Spray-DEET 7 % | - | 5 | Spectrum Division of United Industries Corporation | [200] |
A. albopictus | Off! Spray DEET 15 % | - | > 7 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [200] |
A. aegypti | DEET 20 % | > 82 | 5 | * | [201] |
Aedes communis | DEET (The amount was not specified) | 98 | 4 | * | [202] |
A. communis | DEET (The amount was not specified) | 74 | 6 | * | [202] |
A. communis | DEET (The amount was not specified) | 56 | 8 | * | [202] |
A. communis | DEET + AI3-37220 (The amount was not specified) | 98 | 4 | * | [202] |
A. communis | DEET + AI3-37220 (The amount was not specified) | 95 | 6 | * | [202] |
A. communis | DEET + AI3-37220 (The amount was not specified) | 76 | 8 | * | [202] |
A. aegypti | OFF! Deep Woods-DEET 23.8 % | - | > 5 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [203] |
A. aegypti | Sawyer Controlled Release®-DEET 20 % | - | > 3 | Sawyer | [203] |
A. aegypti | OFF! Skintastic-DEET 6.65 % | - | > 1 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [203] |
A. aegypti | OFF! Skintastic for Kids-DEET 4.75 % | - | > 1 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [203] |
A. aegypti | DEET 25 % | 100 | 6 | * | [204] |
A. aegypti | DEET 25 % + Vanillin 5 % | 100 | 6 | * | [204] |
A. aegypti | DEET 20 % in ethanol | 100 | 7 | * | [204] |
A. aegypti | DEET 20 % in ethanol | 100 | 8 | * | [205] |
Aedes vigilax | DEET 34.6 % Army repellent personal | > 95 | 5 | * | [206] |
A. albopictus | DEET 10 % | 100 | 4 | * | [207] |
A. albopictus | DEET 10 % | > 88 | 6 | * | [207] |
A. albopictus | DEET 10 % | > 77 | 8 | * | [207] |
A. aegypti | DEET 12 % Cream | > 96 | > 6 | * | [208] |
Anopheles spp. | DEET 20 % | > 88 | 4 | * | [206] |
Anopheles spp. | DEET 20 % | > 74 | 5 | * | [206] |
An. gambiae | DEET 30 % | > 88 | 7 | * | [209] |
Anopheles stephensi | DEET 12 % Cream | 100 | 11 | * | [208] |
Anopheles culicifacies | DEET 12 % Cream | 100 | 11 | * | [208] |
Anopheles annularis | DEET 12 % Cream | 100 | 11 | * | [208] |
An. subpictus | DEET 12 % Cream | 100 | 11 | * | [208] |
A. albopictus | Insectan Spray DEET 24 % | > 90 | 6 | * | [210] |
Anopheles arabiensis | Socks – DEET 20 % | > 90 | 3360 | * | [13] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated DEET 20 % | 98 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated DEET 15 % | 95 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated DEET 10 % | 85 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Microencapsulated DEET 5 % | 83 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Non-Encapsulated DEET 20 % | 91 | 6 | * | [184] |
C. quinquefasciatus | DEET 1 % | 90 | - | * | [211] |
A. aegypti | DEET 1 % | 77 | - | * | [211] |
A. aegypti | OFF Family – DEET < 10 % | - | 2 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [9] |
A. aegypti | Repelex – DEET < 10 % | - | 2 | US CHEMCO Supply & Service | [9] |
A. aegypti | Mosquitoff – DEET 10 % | - | > 2 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [9] |
A. aegypti | SBP – Icaridin 15 % | - | 5 | Sawyer Products | [9] |
A. aegypti | OFF kids – DEET < 10 % | - | 2 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [9] |
A. aegypti | Muriel – DEET < 10 % | - | 2 | [9] | |
A. aegypti | Kor Yor 15® DEET | - | > 7 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [212] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Kor Yor 15® DEET | - | > 7 | S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. | [212] |
An. arabiensis | LLDPE strands-DEET 20 % | 79 | 2016 | * | [14] |
An. arabiensis | LLDPE strands-DEET 30 % | 78 | 2016 | * | [14] |
An. arabiensis | EVA strands-Icaridin 20 % | 85 | 2016 | * | [14] |
An. arabiensis | EVA strands-Icaridin 30 % | 82 | 2016 | * | [14] |
A. aegypti | DEET 10 % | > 83 | 2 | * | [195] |
C. quinquefasciatus | DEET 10 % | 100 | 2 | * | [195] |
A. albopictus | DEET 24 % | > 90 | 6 | * | [197] |
A. aegypti | Exposis – Icaridin 25 % | - | 10 | Laboratório Osler do Brasil | [9] |
A. albopictus | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | 5 | * | [205] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | > 9 | * | [205] |
A. albopictus | IR3535 10 % | - | > 7 | * | [205] |
Anopheles dirus | IR3535 10 % | - | 8 | * | [205] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % | - | > 6 | * | [205] |
C. quinquefasciatus | IR3535 10 % | - | 8 | * | [205] |
An. dirus | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | > 3 | * | [205] |
C. quinquefasciatus | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | > 13 | * | [205] |
C. tritaeniorhynchus | IR3535 20 % in ethanol solution | - | > 14 | * | [205] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Spray® | 95 | 6 | * | [205] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Spray® | 90 | 6 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Spray® | 85 | 7 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Spray® | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Spray® | 90 | 6 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Spray® | 85 | 6 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Lotion® | 95 | 4 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Lotion® | 90 | 5 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 10 % Lotion® | 85 | 6 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Lotion® | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Lotion® | 90 | 6 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 15 % Lotion® | 85 | 6 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 20 % Spray® | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
An. arabiensis | IR3535 100 % | 62 | 4 | * | [10] |
An. arabiensis | Blend IR3535 75 mol%-nonanoic | 100 | 4 | * | [10] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 20 % Spray® | 90 | 7 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | IR3535 20 % Spray® | 85 | 7 | * | [213] |
Aedes spp. Culex spp. | IR3535 20 % Pump spray | 85 | > 7 | * | [214] |
Anopheles spp. | IR3535 20 % Pump spray | - | > 7 | * | [214] |
A. albopictus | Icaridin 10 % Autan® spray | - | > 5 | * | [200] |
A. aegypti | Icaridin 10 % Lotion | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | Icaridin 10 % Lotion | 90 | 7 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | Icaridin 10 % Lotion | 85 | 8 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | Icaridin 20 % Spray | 95 | 6 | * | [213] |
A.aegypti | Icaridin 20 % Spray | 90 | 7 | * | [213] |
A. aegypti | Icaridin 20 % Spray | 85 | 9 | * | [213] |
An. stephensi | Bayrepel 20 % in complex solvent | 100 | 8 | * | [215] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Bayrepel 20 % in complex solvent | 100 | 8 | * | [215] |
Culex annulirostris | Icaridin® 19.2 % in ethanol Bayrepel Army® | ≥ 99 | 5 | * | [206] |
C. annulirostris | Icaridin® 19.2 % in ethanol Bayrepel Army® | 85 | 6 | * | [206] |
Anopheles spp. | Icaridin 19.2 % in ethanol Bayrepel Army® | >86 | 6 | * | [206] |
Anopheles spp. | Icaridin 19.2 % in ethanol Bayrepel Army® | >71 | 7 | * | [206] |
An. arabiensis | LLDPE strands-Icaridin 20 % | 79 | 2016 | * | [14] |
An. arabiensis | LLDPE strands-Icaridin 30 % | 98 | 2016 | * | [14] |
An. arabiensis | EVA strands-Icaridin 20 % | 91 | 2016 | * | [14] |
An. arabiensis | EVA strands-Icaridin 30 % | 88 | 2016 | * | [14] |
A. albopictus | Butyl anthranilate (BA) 0.1 % | > 53 | - | * | [216] |
A. albopictus | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 0.1 % | > 38 | - | * | [216] |
A. aegypti | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 10 % | 100 | - | * | [217] |
A. aegypti | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 5 % | 90 | - | * | [217] |
A. aegypti | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 2 % | 78 | - | * | [217] |
An. stephensi | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 10 % | 96 | - | * | [217] |
An. stephensi | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 5 % | 80 | - | * | [217] |
An. stephensi | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 2 % | 68 | - | * | [217] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 10 % | 88 | - | * | [217] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 5 % | 82 | - | * | [217] |
C. quinquefasciatus | Ethyl anthranilate (EA) 2 % | 64 | - | * | [217] |
Polymer microcapsules as carriers of mosquito repellent
Mechanism of release of repellent polymer microcapsules
Stability study of the polymer microcapsules as carriers of mosquito repellent
Nanoemulsions as carriers of mosquito repellent
Pseudo‐ternary phase diagram
Stability of the nanoemulsions as carriers of mosquito repellent
Solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers of mosquito repellent
Mechanism of repellent release from solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
Stability of the solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers of mosquito repellent
Polymer micelles as carriers of insect repellent
Mechanism of repellent release from polymer micelles
Cyclodextrins as carriers of mosquito repellent
Stability of the cyclodextrins as carriers of mosquito repellent
Liposomes as carriers of insect repellent
Stability of the liposomes as carriers of insect repellent
Microporous polymers as carriers of insect repellent
Phase diagram of a typical miscible polymer‐repellent system
Mechanism of release of repellent from microporous strand
Stability of the microporous polymers as carriers of insect repellent
Factors affecting the efficacy of repellents
Abrasion
Evaporation
Temperature
Mathematical modeling used for release rate of repellents
Equation models | Previous results description | References |
---|---|---|
Higuchi, Avrami’s or Weibull and Korsmeyer-Peppas equation models | The Higuchi model was employed to investigate the kinetic study of release of citronella oil from tamarind gum (TG) and carboxymethylated tamarind gum (CTG) microcapsules where the non-Fickian and Fickian diffusion mechanisms controlled the oil release. Furthermore, the use of Avrami’s model in those systems of release of citronella oil exhibited diffusion coefficient n < 1, indicating the Fickian diffusion mechanism that governed the systems. Finally, the Korsmeyer-Peppas model was also used to evaluate the release of oil from microcapsules. The prediction data from this model was fitted well with the experimental data. The parameter R2 was between 0.7642 to 0.9885, with a diffusion coefficient that demonstrated that the oil loaded into microcapsules was controlled by mechanism of Fickian and non - Fickian diffusion. | [29] |
Higuchi zero-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models | The mechanism of release of citronella oil from microcapsules was evaluated with three models known as Higuchi zero-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas. With Higuchi model it was possible to obtain a high parameter R2 of 0.9820 and the diffusion coefficient was close to 0.5, indicating that the oil loaded intro microcapsules device was governed by Fickian diffusion mechanism. While by use of Korsmeyer-Peppas model the parameter R2 was 0.9800 and the diffusion coefficient was close to 1, demonstrating that the release of oil from microcapsule was controlled by non-Fickian diffusion (anomalous diffusion) mechanism. Finally, the Higuchi zero-order model was a non-significant influence in release of citronella oil from the microcapsules. | [31] |
Korsmeye-Peppas model | The release rate kinetic of neem oil from polymer microcapsules was investigated with the Ritger–Peppas model. The parameter R2 of neem oil into polymer microcapsules was linear. Further, the value of “n” obtained by use of model, showed that the release of neem oil from microcapsule is governed by Fickiam diffusion mechanism. | [28] |
Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull models | Korsmeyer-Peppas model showed that the release of DEET from microcapsules was controlled by the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The prediction data obtained by the Peppa’s and Weibull models were in agreement to the experimental data of release of DEET from microcapsules. With Higuchi the constant R2 was lower than R2 obtained by other models. | [44] |
Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models | The best correlation coefficient R2 equal to 0.9547 was obtained by use of the Korsmeyer-Peppas model for release of citronella oil loaded cotton microcapsules. The “n” value was equal to 0.5833, indicating that the system is controlled by anomalous non-Fickian diffusional mechanism. While for the release of oil of citronella loaded into polyester microcapsules, the best parameters R2 and “n” were 0.9477 and 0.3177, respectively. Therefore, the Fickian diffusion mechanism was observed. | [43] |
Korsmeyer-Peppas model | The kinetic study of release of Satureja hortensis essential oil (SEO) from the alginate matrix was evaluated with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The predicted data obtained by the model was fitted with the experimental data with correlation coefficients R2 of three microparticles higher than 0.9. Furthermore, the parameter “n” was between 0.408 to 0.498, demonstrating that the mechanism of release rate of oil from microparticles was by Fickian diffusion. | [218] |
Semi-empirical power law or Korsmeyer-Peppas model | The kinetic of release rate of the geraniol-to-zein ξ = 3 system, at different temperatures was determined. The results, in the range where 5 to 95 wt% of geraniol was evaporated, were fitted with the semi-empirical power law model. For a reservoir system with a spherical geometry with Fickian diffusion through the wall rate-limiting, the best fit value for the release exponent for the present data set was n = 0.80. | [219] |
Mapossa model | This is a simple implicit mechanistic model used to predict the release rate of DEET and Icaridin from the microporous LLDPE strands that are covered by a skin like membrane that controls the release rate. In all cases, the model employed was a reasonable fit to the experimental data. This model assumes quasi-steady state diffusion and is based on the assumptions of a dimensionally stable and inert solid scaffold. This means that it will break down if the polymer absorbs and swells in the presence of the repellent. In this case, polyethylene is non-polar polymer, therefore, it was appropriate with this model. | [14] |
Avrami’s equation | The Avrami’s equation was used to estimate the release rate of the limonene from nanomelusions systems. Results demonstrated that the release rate of repellent was controlled by the diffusion mechanism. The experimental and prediction data were fitted. | [179] |
Avrami’s equation Higuchi model | To investigate the release of limonene oil from nanoemulsion, Avrami’s equation was employed. The results showed that the values of “n” for both homogenizations were almost in the same range of 0.6 to 1.0, suggesting that the release rate of limonene occurred through diffusion mechanism. The kinetic study of release rate of citronella oil from nanoemulsion was investigated by Higuchi’s model where the predicted data obtained by this equation was well fitted with the experimental data. Results from Higuchi’s equation, showed that the “n” value was equal to 0.5, suggesting that the release of citronella oil from nanoemulsion was controlled by diffusion mechanism. | [55] [56] |
Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models | The Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models were employed to evaluate the citronella oil release kinetics from β-cyclodextrin. Among those models, the Korsmeyer-Peppas, R2 = 0.9877 and n = 0.6166 ± 0.0275, when compared to the Higuchi model (R2 = 0.9751) showed better correlation and demonstrated a good fit between predicted data with the experimental data. The parameter “n” proved that the mechanism of release of oil from β-cyclodextrin was controlled by anomalous diffusion (0.5 < n < 1). | [88] |
Korsmeyer-Peppas model | The Korsmeyer-Peppas model was employed to investigate the thyme oil release kinetic from β-cyclodextrin. The correlation coefficient for cotton fabrics treated with MCT- β -CD loaded with thyme oil was R2 = 0.9657 and parameter “n” was equal to 0.5444 demonstrating that the mechanism of release of oil was through anomalous diffusion mechanisms. | [188] |
Korsmeyer-Peppas model | DEET was released slowly from the nanosphere systems. The study was governed by the diffusion mechanisms (Fickian diffusion and polymer relaxation). The device system maintained effective release rate of DEET, which has ensured performance activity times for more than nine hours. The prediction data obtained with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model was fitted well with experimental data. | [169] |
Korsmeyer-Peppas model | The kinetic study of the amount of DEET released from polyurethane and polyurea microcapsules was evaluated using the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The polyurethane microcapsules controlled the release rate of DEET well compared to the polyurea microcapsule. The mechanism of DEET release from polyurethane demonstrated “n” equal to 0.2120 while for DEET released from polyurea exhibited “n” equal to 0.2762. The results suggest that the non-Fickiam including diffusion as well as polymer relaxation mechanism was achieved. | [185] |