Background
Methods
Study population
Data collection
Musculoskeletal pain
Restless legs syndrome
Sleep quality
Anxiety/depression/stress
Smoking and body mass index (BMI)
Statistical analyses
Results
Reference group (n = 1040) | RLS-diagnosis group (n = 32) | Total (n = 1072) | p-value (for trend) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.096 | |||
Female | 560 (53.8 %) | 22 (68.8 %) | 582 (54.3 %) | |
Male | 480 (46.2 %) | 10 (31.2 %) | 490 (45.7 %) | |
Smoking | 167 (16.1 %) | 6 (18.8 %) | 173 (16.2 %) | 0.693 |
Mean Body Mass Index (kg/m2) (SD) | 25.2 (5.5) | 25.1 (4.4) | 25.2 (5.5) | 0.936 |
Sleep Quality | 0.105 (0.023) | |||
Very good | 160 (15.7 %) | 3 (9.7 %) | 163 (15.5 %) | |
Fairly good | 619 (60.6 %) | 15 (48.4 %) | 634 (60.3 %) | |
Fairly bad | 217 (21.3 %) | 11 (35.5 %) | 228 (21.7 %) | |
Very bad | 25 (2.4 %) | 2 (6.5 %) | 27 (2.6 %) | |
Mean DASS-21 scores (SD) | ||||
Depression Subscale | 6.8 (8.2) | 12.0 (11.5) | 7.0 (8.4) |
0.017
|
Anxiety Subscale | 4.7 (5.7) | 10.0 (8.0) | 4.9 (5.8) |
0.001
|
Stress Subscale | 9.0 (8.1) | 15.5 (11.0) | 9.3 (8.3) |
0.002
|
Total score | 20.5 (19.5) | 37.0 (28.3) | 21.0 (20.0) |
0.003
|
Any pain | 380 (36.5 %) | 21 (65.6 %) | 401 (37.4 %) |
0.001 (0.001)
|
Duration of pain |
0.001 (<0.001)
| |||
No pain | 660 (63.5 %) | 11 (34.4 %) | 671 (62.7 %) | |
Short duration | 143 (13.8 %) | 5 (15.6 %) | 148 (13.8 %) | |
Long duration | 236 (22.7 %) | 16 (50.0 %) | 252 (23.5 %) | |
Pain intensity last week |
0.007 (0.001)
| |||
No pain | 670 (64.7 %) | 11 (35.5 %) | 681 (63.8 %) | |
Mild pain | 192 (18.5 %) | 9 (29.0 %) | 201 (18.8 %) | |
Moderate pain | 118 (11.4 %) | 8 (25.8 %) | 126 (11.8 %) | |
Severe pain | 56 (5.4 %) | 3 (9.7 %) | 59 (5.5 %) | |
Pain intensity last 3 months |
0.016 (0.001)
| |||
No pain | 682 (65.8 %) | 13 (41.9 %) | 695 (65.1 %) | |
Mild pain | 169 (16.3 %) | 6 (19.4 %) | 175 (16.4 %) | |
Moderate pain | 105 (10.1 %) | 6 (19.4 %) | 111 (10.4 %) | |
Severe pain | 80 (7.7 %) | 6 (19.4 %) | 86 (8.1 %) | |
Pain frequency last 3 months |
0.006 (0.001)
| |||
No pain | 683 (65.9 %) | 12 (38.7 %) | 695 (65.1 %) | |
Low | 164 (15.8 %) | 6 (19.4 %) | 170 (15.9 %) | |
Medium | 84 (8.1 %) | 6 (19.4 %) | 90 (8.4 %) | |
High | 105 (10.1 %) | 7 (22.6 %) | 112 (10.5 %) | |
Number of pain sites |
0.005 (0.001)
| |||
No pain | 660 (63.5 %) | 11 (34.4 %) | 671 (62.6 %) | |
One | 165 (15.9 %) | 8 (25.0 %) | 173 (16.1 %) | |
Two | 106 (10.2 %) | 5 (15.6 %) | 111 (10.4 %) | |
Three or more | 109 (10.5 %) | 8 (25.0 %) | 117 (10.9 %) |
RLS prevalence
RLS symptoms assessed with 4 criteria | Female | Male | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Urge to move the legs (at least 5 times/month) | 158 (27.1 %) | 142 (29.0 %) | 300 (28.0 %) |
Accompanied by dysaesthesia | 57 (9.8 %) | 31 (6.3 %) | 88 (8.2 %) |
Relieved by movement | 95 (16.3 %) | 70 (14.3 %) | 165 (15.4 %) |
Worsening at evening or night | 104 (17.9 %) | 51 (10.4 %) | 155 (14.5 %) |
RLS diagnosis (All 4 RLS criteria fulfilled) | 22 (3.8 %) | 10 (2.0 %) | 32 (3.0 %) |
RLS: Restless legs syndrome |
Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain
Reference group (n = 1040) | RLS-group (n = 32) | Total (n = 1072) | Odds ratios | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower back | 204 (19.6 %) | 11 (34.4 %) | 215 (20.1 %) | 2.1 (1.0–4.3) |
0.031
|
Neck | 151 (14.5 %) | 10 (31.3 %) | 161 (15.0 %) | 2.7 (1.1–6.3) |
0.024
|
Upper back | 93 (8.9 %) | 6 (18.8 %) | 99 (9.2 %) | 2.4 (0.9–5.8) | 0.066 |
Leg | 82 (7.9 %) | 8 (25.0 %) | 90 (8.4 %) | 3.9 (1.5–10.0) |
0.005
|
Shoulder/arm | 17 (1.6 %) | 3 (9.4 %) | 20 (1.9 %) | 6.2 (1.9–20.8) |
0.003
|
Other | 62 (6.0 %) | 1 (3.1 %) | 63 (5.9 %) | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | 0.169 |
Associations between MSK pain and RLS
Unadjusted | Adjusted for sex | Adjusted for sex and DASS-21 | Adjusted for sex, DASS-21 and sleep quality | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Any body pain | n = 1072 | n = 1072 | n = 1047 | n = 1030 |
No | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Yes | 3.3 (1.5–7.2)** | 3.1 (1.5–6.7)** | 2.8 (1.2–6.6)* | 3.0 (1.3–7.1)* |
Pain duration | n = 1071 | n = 1071 | n = 1046 | n = 1029 |
No pain | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Short duration | 2.1 (0.6–7.4) | 2.0 (0.6–7.1) | 1.9 (0.6–6.4) | 2.2 (0.6–7.7) |
Long duration | 4.1 (1.8–9.3)** | 3.8 (1.7–8.6)** | 3.3 (1.4–7.5)** | 3.6 (1.4–9.2)** |
Pain intensity last week | n = 1067 | n = 1067 | n = 1044 | n = 1027 |
No pain | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Mild pain | 2.9 (1.1–7.4)* | 2.7 (1.1–7.0)* | 2.7 (1.0–7.0)* | 3.0 (1.0–8.2)* |
Moderate pain | 4.1 (1.6–10.7)** | 4.0 (1.6–10.2)** | 3.3 (1.1–10.1)* | 3.6 (1.1–12.3)* |
Severe pain | 3.3 (0.9–12.1) | 2.8 (0.8–10.4) | 2.7 (0.8–9.4) | 2.9 (0.8–10.0) |
Pain intensity last 3 months | n = 1067 | n = 1067 | n = 1044 | n = 1027 |
No pain | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Mild pain | 1.9 (0.6–5.6) | 1.8 (0.6–5.4) | 1.6 (0.6–5.0) | 1.8 (0.6–5.4) |
Moderate pain | 3.0 (0.9–9.9) | 2.9 (0.9–9.3) | 2.5 (0.9–7.4) | 2.8 (0.8–10.0) |
Severe pain | 3.9 (1.3–11.5)* | 3.5 (1.2–10.3)* | 3.0 (1.0–8.6)* | 3.2 (0.9–10.6) |
Pain frequency last 3 months | n = 1067 | n = 1067 | n = 1044 | n = 1027 |
No pain | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Low | 2.1 (0.7–5.8) | 2.0 (0.7–5.7) | 1.9 (0.7–5.4) | 2.1 (0.7–6.5) |
Moderate | 4.1 (1.3–13.1)* | 3.8 (1.2–12.2)* | 3.5 (1.2–10.4)* | 3.9 (1.2–12.7)* |
High | 3.8 (1.4–10.4)** | 3.4 (1.3–9.4)* | 2.9 (1.0–8.8) | 3.2 (1.0–10.4) |
Number of pain sites | n = 1072 | n = 1072 | n = 1047 | n = 1030 |
No pain | REF | REF | REF | REF |
One site | 2.9 (1.2–7.3)* | 2.8 (1.1–7.1)* | 2.8 (0.9–8.4) | 3.1 (1.1–8.5)* |
Two sites | 3.1 (0.9–10.0) | 2.9 (0.9–9.1) | 2.4 (0.7–7.8) | 2.6 (0.8–8.9) |
Three or more | 6.1 (2.0–18.5)** | 5.5 (1.8–16.9)** | 4.5 (1.4–15.3)* | 4.9 (1.6–14.6)** |