Introduction
Methods
Results
Characteristic | Patients (n = 350) |
---|---|
Age, mean (SD), years | 62.5 (9.5) |
[Range] | [26–88] |
Male, n (%) | 217 (62.0) |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |
Asian (excludes Japanese) | 53 (15.1) |
Black | 20 (5.7) |
Caucasian | 233 (66.6) |
Hispanic | 33 (9.4) |
Japanese | 1 (0.3) |
Other | 10 (2.9) |
Height, mean (SD), cm | 165.9 (9.2) |
Weight, mean (SD), kg | 80.5 (17.6) |
Type of diabetes | |
Type I | 28 (8.0) |
Type II | 322 (92.0) |
Duration of diabetes, mean (SD), years | 15.9 (9.1) |
HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 7.5 (1.1) |
≤ 8%, n (%) | 249 (71.1) |
> 8%, n (%) | 100 (28.6) |
Data not available | 1 (0.3) |
Glomerular filtration rate, mean (SD), mL/min | 86.8 (25.6) |
Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 137.2 (17.2) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 78.5 (10.2) |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 258 (73.7) |
History of hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 93 (26.6) |
BCVA in study eye, mean (SD), ETDRS letters | 56.9 (8.7) |
CRT in study eye, mean (SD), μm | 460.9 (132.6) |
Duration of DME in study eye, mean (SD), months | 25.9 (27.3) |
[Range] | [0–187] |
Previous treatment for DME in study eye, n (%) | |
Focal/grid laser | 243 (69.4) |
Intravitreal steroid | 61 (17.4) |
Anti-VEGF | 26 (7.4) |
None | 89 (25.4) |
DME perfusion status in study eye | |
Ischemic | 27 (7.7) |
Non-ischemic | 284 (81.1) |
Data not available | 39 (11.1) |
DR severity score in study eye, n (%) | |
≤ 6 (severe NPDR or better) | 200 (57.1) |
> 6 (mild PDR or worse) | 123 (35.1) |
Data not available | 27 (7.7) |
Lens status in study eye, n (%) | |
Phakic | 249 (71.1) |
Pseudophakic | 101 (28.9) |
Parameter, mean (SD) | Patients who exited the study early (n = 198) | Patients who completed the study (n = 152) |
---|---|---|
At baseline | ||
BCVA, letters | 56.7 (8.75) | 57.2 (8.66) |
CRT, μm | 476 (135) | 442 (127) |
At last available visit | ||
BCVA, letters | 54.1 (14.3) | 62.0 (14.5) |
CRT, μm | 458 (196) | 308 (164) |
Systolic blood pressure change from baseline, mm Hg | − 1.1 (17.9) | − 2.0 (16.5) |
Diastolic blood pressure change from baseline, mm Hg | − 0.0 (12.1) | − 2.2 (10.3) |
HbA1c change from baseline, % | 0.1 (1.1) | 0.3 (1.2) |
GFR change from baseline, mL/min | − 8.0 (19.3) | − 9.7 (15.8) |
Visual outcomes
Anatomic outcomes
Factors predictive of outcomes
Parameter | Estimate | Standard error | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline patient characteristic | |||
Sex, female | 1.007 | 1.559 | 0.519 |
Age, years | − 0.181 | 0.079 | 0.023 |
Race/ethnicity | |||
Caucasian | 7.494 | 4.550 | 0.101 |
Black | 8.833 | 5.456 | 0.107 |
Asian (not Japanese) | 10.111 | 4.880 | 0.039 |
Hispanic | 5.344 | 5.079 | 0.294 |
Japanese | − 5.222 | 14.087 | 0.711 |
BMI | 0.013 | 0.131 | 0.922 |
HbA1c ≤ 8% | 0.363 | 1.672 | 0.828 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.305 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.087 | 0.073 | 0.235 |
Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min | 0.043 | 0.030 | 0.151 |
History of hypertension | − 1.808 | 1.730 | 0.297 |
History of hypercholesterolemia | 0.154 | 1.713 | 0.929 |
Duration of diabetes, years | 0.000 | 0.085 | 0.996 |
Baseline study eye characteristic | |||
Phakic lens status | 0.115 | 1.707 | 0.946 |
No prior DME treatment | − 2.517 | 1.721 | 0.145 |
DR severity score ≤ 6 | 2.468 | 1.557 | 0.114 |
BCVA | − 0.188 | 0.087 | 0.031 |
Duration of DME, months | 0.023 | 0.027 | 0.390 |
During study period | |||
No concomitant use of platelet aggregation inhibitor | − 1.362 | 1.571 | 0.387 |
No concomitant use of glitazone | − 0.275 | 2.088 | 0.895 |
No concomitant use of medication to treat dyslipidemia | − 2.359 | 1.557 | 0.131 |
Number of antihypertensive medications used | 0.257 | 0.611 | 0.674 |
Adverse event report(s) of dyslipidemia | 3.169 | 3.253 | 0.331 |
Change in HbA1c from baseline at last visit | 19.942 | 66.249 | 0.764 |
Parameter | Estimate | Standard error | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline patient characteristic | |||
Age, years | − 0.289 | 0.095 | 0.003 |
History of hypertension | − 5.847 | 2.596 | 0.025 |
Baseline study eye characteristic | |||
DR severity score ≤ 6 | 4.312 | 1.849 | 0.021 |
BCVA | − 0.277 | 0.105 | 0.009 |
Parameter | Estimate | Standard error | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline patient characteristic | |||
Sex, female | 0.964 | 1.264 | 0.446 |
Age, years | − 0.096 | 0.064 | 0.137 |
Race/ethnicity | |||
Caucasian | 6.809 | 3.737 | 0.069 |
Black | 8.481 | 4.484 | 0.060 |
Asian | 8.394 | 4.003 | 0.037 |
Hispanic | 3.915 | 4.144 | 0.346 |
Japanese | −5.662 | 11.577 | 0.625 |
BMI | −0.002 | 0.106 | 0.985 |
HbA1c ≤ 8% | 0.145 | 1.352 | 0.915 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.018 | 0.035 | 0.612 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.028 | 0.060 | 0.635 |
Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min | 0.042 | 0.025 | 0.086 |
History of hypertension | − 0.777 | 1.420 | 0.585 |
History of hypercholesterolemia | 0.109 | 1.404 | 0.938 |
Duration of diabetes, years | − 0.018 | 0.069 | 0.794 |
Baseline study eye characteristic | |||
Phakic lens status | − 0.064 | 1.383 | 0.963 |
No prior DME treatment | − 2.353 | 1.392 | 0.092 |
DR severity score ≤ 6 | 2.003 | 1.266 | 0.115 |
BCVA | − 0.187 | 0.070 | 0.008 |
Duration of DME, months | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.350 |
During study period | |||
No concomitant use of platelet aggregation inhibitor | − 0.826 | 1.272 | 0.517 |
No concomitant use of glitazone | − 0.042 | 1.675 | 0.980 |
No concomitant use of medication to treat dyslipidemia | − 2.195 | 1.263 | 0.083 |
Number of antihypertensive medications used | 0.380 | 0.492 | 0.441 |
Adverse event report(s) of dyslipidemia | 0.961 | 2.552 | 0.707 |
Change in HbA1c from baseline at last visit | 62.884 | 53.103 | 0.237 |
Parameter | Estimate | Standard error | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline patient characteristic | |||
Age, years | − 0.164 | 0.078 | 0.035 |
Baseline study eye characteristic | |||
DR severity score ≤ 6 | 3.164 | 1.515 | 0.038 |
BCVA | − 0.210 | 0.086 | 0.015 |
Parameter | Estimate | Standard error | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline patient characteristic | |||
Sex, female | − 4.974 | 21.499 | 0.817 |
Age, years | − 0.649 | 1.098 | 0.555 |
Race/ethnicitya | |||
Caucasian | − 5.785 | 60.011 | 0.923 |
Black | − 37.333 | 73.357 | 0.611 |
Asian | 77.405 | 64.668 | 0.232 |
Hispanic | − 43.613 | 68.438 | 0.525 |
BMI | 0.835 | 1.805 | 0.644 |
HbA1c ≤ 8% | 27.699 | 22.968 | 0.229 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | − 0.245 | 0.634 | 0.699 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.556 | 1.052 | 0.598 |
Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min | − 0.855 | 0.404 | 0.035 |
No history of hypertension | − 25.851 | 23.990 | 0.282 |
No history of hypercholesterolemia | 6.396 | 23.538 | 0.786 |
Duration of diabetes, years | − 0.278 | 1.178 | 0.814 |
Baseline study eye characteristic | |||
Phakic lens status | − 11.551 | 23.263 | 0.620 |
No prior DME treatment | − 19.447 | 23.704 | 0.413 |
DR severity score ≤ 6 | − 32.081 | 20.977 | 0.127 |
CRT, μm | 0.323 | 0.075 | < 0.001 |
Duration of DME, months | 0.072 | 0.362 | 0.843 |
During study period | |||
No concomitant use of platelet aggregation inhibitor | − 6.746 | 21.683 | 0.756 |
No concomitant use of glitazone | − 14.687 | 29.191 | 0.615 |
No concomitant use of medication to treat dyslipidemia | − 6.181 | 21.498 | 0.774 |
Number of antihypertensive medications used | 14.306 | 8.034 | 0.076 |
No adverse event report(s) of dyslipidemia | − 48.901 | 44.497 | 0.273 |
Change in HbA1c from baseline at last visit | 874.464 | 882.141 | 0.322 |
Parameter | Estimate | Standard error | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline patient characteristic | |||
Age, years | − 3.240 | 1.201 | 0.008 |
Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min | − 1.098 | 0.442 | 0.014 |
Baseline study eye characteristic | |||
CRT, μm | 0.456 | 0.083 | < 0.001 |
During study period | |||
Number of antihypertensive medications used | 16.212 | 7.809 | 0.039 |