Introduction
miRNAs and inflammation
miRNAs | Expression | Targets | Effect on inflammation | Inflammation-related cells or factors | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-let-7a/let-7d/let-7f | Up | Tet2, Lin28a/Sdha axis | Promotion | Macrophages, IL-6 | [17] |
microRNA let-7 | Up | A20 | Promotion | Macrophages, TNF, IL-1β | [18] |
miR-93 | Up | TLR4/NF-κB | Suppression | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β | [19] |
miR-21 | Down | PDCD4/NF-κB | Suppression | Macrophages, TNF-α、IL-6 | [20] |
miR-34a | Up | KLF4 | Promotion | Macrophages, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1 | [21] |
miR-27a | Down | TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB | Promotion | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β | [22] |
miR-200a | Down | Keap1/Nrf2 | Promotion | TNF-α, L-1β | [23] |
miR-495-3p | Up | IL5RA | Promotion | TNF-α | [24] |
miR-124- 3p | Down | p65 | Promotion | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β | [25] |
miR-138 | Up | VEGF/NF-κB | Suppression | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 | [26] |
miR-342-3p | Up | Rictor | Suppression | Foxp3+ Regulatory T cells IL-17、IFN-γ and TNF-α | [27] |
miR-873a-5p | Up | NF-κB | Suppression | TNF-α, IL-1β, INOS and IL-6 | [28] |
miR-146a | Up | TLR4/NF-κB | Suppression | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1 β | [29] |
miR-542-3p | Up | TLR4 | Suppression | TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 | [30] |
miR-193b-3p | Up | HDAC3/NF-κB p65 | Suppression | IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α | [31] |
miR-140-5p | Up | HMGB1/PI3K/AKT | Suppression | TNF-α, IL-6, MMP1 and MMP3 | [32] |
miR-27a-3p | Up | FOXO3/NAPDH/ROS | Suppression | IL-6, IL-8 | [33] |
miRNAs and their role in AP progression
miRNA/NF-κB and AP
miRNA/TGF-β and AP
miRNA/inflammatory cells and AP
miRNA/autophagy and AP
miRNA/necrosis and AP
miRNA | Target | Functional role | In vitro/in vivo | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-9 | FGF10/NF-κB | Inhibits expression of the inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as the apoptosis factors Bax and cl-caspase 3/9 | In vitro | [35] |
miR-668, miR-3594-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-483-5p, miR-3541 | TRAF6-TAB2-TAK1-NIK/IKK-NF-κB pathway | Activates macrophages and promotes IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α production | In vitro | [43] |
miR-216a | Akt and TGF-β Pathway | Promotes TNF-α and IL-6 production | Both | [36] |
miR-30a-5p | HTRA/TGF-β1 | Inhibits the production of trypsin, amylase and the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β | Both | [47] |
miR-155 | SOCS1 | Promotes Th17 cell production and IL-6, IL-13 and TNF-α expression | Both | [51] |
miR-361-5p | NFIA and Hes1 | Promotes Th17 cells to secrete IL-17A | Both | [52] |
miR-29a/b1 | – | Promotes infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages and release of IL-6, IL-10 and TGFβ1 | In vivo | [53] |
miR-155 | TAB2 | Promote the production of Beclin-1 and LC3 II levels and worsens the degree of autophagy damage | In vivo | [58] |
miR-92b-3p | TRAF3/MKK3-p38 | Increases levels of Beclin-1, LC3 II and autophagosome formation | In vitro | [59] |
miR-21 | Caspase 8 | Upregulation of RIP1 and RIP3 expression promotes necrosome formation | In vivo | [63] |
miR-19b | – | Promotes necrosis of pancreatic acinar cells | In vivo | [64] |
miR-15a | MAP2K4/JKN | Inhibits the production of IL-1, TNF and IL-6 and reduces pancreatic tissue necrosis | Both | [65] |
miRNA and early diagnosis, severity assessment and prognosis of AP
Molecular marker | Expression | Patient | Clinical relevance | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-92b, miR-10a, miR-7 | Up | AP | Diagnosis | [67] |
miR-551-5p, miR-126a-5p | Up | AP | Severity assessment | |
miR-24-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-361-5p and miR-1246 | Up | HTAP | Severity assessment | [71] |
miR-181a-5p | Down | HTAP | Severity assessment | [71] |
miR-22-3p, 1260b, miR-762, miR-23b and miR-23a | Up | AP with ALI | Diagnosis, prognosis | [72] |
miR-550a*, miR-324-5p, miR-484, miR-331-3p, miR-22-3p, miR-140-3p and miR-342-3p | Down | AP with ALI | Diagnosis, prognosis | [72] |
miR-146a, miR-146b | Up | AP | Prognosis | [73] |
miR-192-5p | Down | AP with NAFLD | Diagnosis | [74] |
miR-372 | Up | HTGAP | Diagnosis, prognosis | [75] |
miR-29a | Up | AP | Severity assessment, prognosis | [76] |
miR-7, miR-9, miR-122 and miR-141 | Up | AP | Diagnosis, prognosis | [77] |
miR-155, miR-21 | Down | AP | Diagnosis, severity assessment, prognosis | [78] |
miR-127 | Down | AP with ALI | Diagnosis, severity assessment, prognosis | [79] |
miR-216 | Up | AP | Diagnosis, severity assessment | [80] |
miRNA and the treatment of AP
miRNAs and the treatment of simple AP
miRNA as a direct target
Associated active compounds of traditional Chinese medicine
Associated mesenchymal stem cells
miRNAs and the treatment of AP with lung injury
miRNAs and the treatment of AP with injury to other organs
miRNA | Mechanism | Disease type | Application | Animal model | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-148a | Inhibits the production of the autophagy-related proteins LC3-II, Beclin1, ATG4c and ATG7 via the IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway | AP | Suppress | Male BALB/c mice | [10] |
miR-92b-3p | Suppresses the expression of proteins associated with the MKK3-p38 signalling pathway (p-MKK3, MKK3, p-p38 and p38) by reducing TRAF3 production | AP | Suppress | – | [59] |
miR-399-3p | Inhibits the production of inflammatory and apoptotic factors by regulating TRAF3 | AP | Suppress | – | [82] |
miR-802 | Inhibits ADM production and acinar cell proliferation | AP | Suppress | mir-802 fl/fl mice | [83] |
miR-181b | Inhibits autophagy and increases apoptosis by regulating mTOR/Akt when combined with PNS | AP | Suppress | Male Sprague- Dawley rats | [87] |
miR-216b | Inhibition of the MAP2K6/p38 pathway when combined with QE | AP | Suppress | C57BL/6 mice | [88] |
miR-15a | Combined with baicalin to regulate the MAP2K4/JKN signalling pathway | AP | Suppress | – | [65] |
miR-9 | Infusion of miR-9-modified BMSCs induces angiogenesis to repair damaged pancreatic tissue | AP | Suppress | Male SD rats | |
miR-181a-5p | Regulation of PTEN/Akt/TGF-β1 via secretion of miR-181a-5p from BMSCs | AP | Suppress | Male SD rats | [93] |
miR-339-3p | Inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling by targeting Anxa3 | AP with lung injury | Suppress | Male mice | [94] |
miR-542-5p | Inhibits the PAK1/MAPK signalling pathway and reduces the release of inflammatory factors | AP with lung injury | Suppress | Mice | |
miR-21-3p | Promotes the release of serum amylase, lipase, and inflammatory factors and inhibits pulmonary oxygenation by activating the TRP signalling pathway | AP with lung injury | Promote | Wistar rats | [97] |
miR-214-3p | Promotion of pancreatic acinar degeneration and renal tubular epithelial cell swelling via the PTEN/Akt axis | AP with kidney injury | Promote | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | [98] |
miR-122 | AP promotes the secretion of miR-122 and reduces the level of renal EPO | AP with kidney injury | Promote | C57BL/6 mice | [99] |
miR-216a, miR-29a, miR-324-5p | Predicts the severity of liver damage | AP with liver injury | Promote | – | [100] |