Background
Methods
Survey design
Anthropometric measurements
Dietary assessment
Assessment of overall diet quality
Calculation of Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system diet score
Definition of meals and snacks
Assessment of non-dietary variables
Analytic sample
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of subjects
Men (n 659) | Women (n 792) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Age (years) | 42.5 | 11.9 | 42.4 | 12.0 |
Social class (%) | ||||
Manual | 45.7 | 32.2 | ||
Non-manual | 54.3 | 67.8 | ||
Smoking status (%) | ||||
Never | 44.3 | 46.5 | ||
Former | 25.6 | 22.0 | ||
Current | 30.1 | 31.6 | ||
Physical activity (MET-h/d) | 46.0 | 10.0 | 42.3 | 4.1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 | 4.4 | 26.8 | 5.6 |
WC (cm) | 96.0 | 11.1 | 83.1 | 11.9 |
EI:EER | 0.73 | 0.19 | 0.69 | 0.18 |
Total EI (kJ/d) | 9882 | 2510 | 6980 | 1744 |
Eating frequency (times/d) | 5.65 | 1.88 | 4.89 | 1.41 |
MFtime (times/d)* | 3.64 | 1.19 | 3.30 | 0.97 |
SFtime (times/d)* | 2.01 | 1.12 | 1.60 | 0.84 |
MFenergy% (times/d)† | 2.29 | 0.55 | 2.29 | 0.57 |
SFenergy% (times/d)† | 3.35 | 2.03 | 2.61 | 1.53 |
Food intake from meals and snacks (g/10 MJ) | ||||
Fruits, vegetables and nuts | 249.5 | 173.5 | 357.5 | 247.9 |
Cereals | 242.0 | 102.2 | 241.1 | 103.0 |
Biscuits, cakes and pastries | 38.6 | 39.5 | 41.7 | 38.3 |
Fish | 34.6 | 41.6 | 44.7 | 58.7 |
Meat | 203.5 | 95.4 | 187.1 | 113.4 |
Dairy products | 285.5 | 186.9 | 366.7 | 221.7 |
Soft drinks | 127.9 | 205.5 | 128.4 | 217.0 |
Sugar, preserves and confectionery | 33.7 | 34.3 | 31.7 | 34.4 |
Nutrient intake from meals and snacks | ||||
Protein (% of energy) | 15.3 | 2.8 | 15.9 | 3.3 |
Fat (% of energy) | 33.5 | 5.8 | 33.6 | 6.5 |
Saturated fatty acid (% of energy) | 12.6 | 3.0 | 12.7 | 3.3 |
Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 44.8 | 7.0 | 46.6 | 7.1 |
Starch (% of energy) | 25.5 | 5.7 | 26.4 | 5.7 |
Total sugar (% of energy) | 19.3 | 6.3 | 20.2 | 6.5 |
Non-milk extrinsic sugar (% of energy) | 12.6 | 6.0 | 11.5 | 6.1 |
Alcohol (% of energy) | 6.5 | 7.0 | 4.1 | 5.5 |
Dietary fiber (g/10 MJ) | 16.0 | 5.4 | 18.7 | 7.0 |
Sodium (mg/10 MJ) | 3397 | 709 | 3414 | 833 |
Diet quality score | ||||
Healthy diet indicator‡ | 2.27 | 1.36 | 2.50 | 1.34 |
Mediterranean diet score§ | 4.43 | 1.69 | 4.39 | 1.67 |
Characteristics of meals and snacks
Meals and snacks based on time* | Meals and snacks based on EI contribution†
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total intake | Intake from meals | Intake from snacks | Intake from meals | Intake from snacks | ||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
P
‡
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
P
‡
| |
Men (n 659) | ||||||||||||
Energy (kJ/d) | 9882 | 2510 | 6960 | 2249 | 2922 | 1727 | <0.0001 | 7457 | 1900 | 2425 | 1536 | <0.0001 |
SFA (g/10 MJ) | 33.3 | 7.9 | 33.1 | 8.5 | 33.2 | 11.8 | 0.76 | 35.8 | 8.2 | 26.3 | 13.7 | <0.0001 |
Total sugar (g/10 MJ) | 122.0 | 39.5 | 118.3 | 43.0 | 148.1 | 72.2 | <0.0001 | 84.5 | 32.5 | 247.4 | 95.1 | <0.0001 |
Sodium (mg/10 MJ) | 3397 | 709 | 3495 | 817 | 3001 | 1321 | <0.0001 | 3838 | 792 | 2077 | 1270 | <0.0001 |
Dietary fiber (g/10 MJ) | 23.5 | 12.2 | 16.6 | 5.9 | 13.8 | 7.4 | <0.0001 | 17.6 | 5.2 | 11.2 | 9.0 | <0.0001 |
Protein (g/10 MJ) | 90.8 | 16.6 | 93.4 | 18.2 | 80.6 | 27.6 | <0.0001 | 101.6 | 18.6 | 59.5 | 26.5 | <0.0001 |
Fruits, vegetables and nuts (g/10 MJ) | 249.5 | 173.5 | 253.8 | 188.9 | 246.7 | 289.1 | 0.51 | 250.3 | 170.9 | 286.4 | 420.1 | 0.02 |
FSA score§ | 5.55 | 2.04 | 5.44 | 2.20 | 6.02 | 3.25 | <0.0001 | 5.54 | 2.03 | 5.52 | 3.52 | 0.87 |
Women (n 792) | ||||||||||||
Energy (kJ/d) | 6980 | 1744 | 4992 | 1581 | 1987 | 1195 | <0.0001 | 5395 | 1342 | 1584 | 914 | <0.0001 |
SFA (g/10 MJ) | 33.6 | 8.8 | 33.2 | 9.4 | 34.3 | 13.4 | 0.01 | 35.0 | 9.1 | 29.0 | 14.1 | <0.0001 |
Total sugar (g/10 MJ) | 127.8 | 4.1 | 124.4 | 47.5 | 160.0 | 82.8 | <0.0001 | 92.7 | 33.4 | 257.5 | 88.8 | <0.0001 |
Sodium (mg/10 MJ) | 3414 | 833 | 3539 | 899 | 2885 | 1281 | <0.0001 | 3726 | 885 | 2326 | 1517 | <0.0001 |
Dietary fiber (g/10 MJ) | 29.8 | 17.2 | 19.3 | 8.2 | 16.3 | 8.8 | <0.0001 | 19.8 | 6.7 | 15.1 | 11.5 | <0.0001 |
Protein (g/10 MJ) | 94.3 | 19.3 | 95.2 | 21.5 | 85.5 | 32.0 | <0.0001 | 102.2 | 20.5 | 67.4 | 27.3 | <0.0001 |
Fruits, vegetables and nuts (g/10 MJ) | 357.5 | 247.9 | 353.1 | 259.1 | 388.7 | 460.6 | 0.02 | 336.0 | 225.4 | 483.9 | 610.9 | <0.0001 |
FSA score§ | 5.24 | 2.16 | 5.15 | 2.38 | 5.88 | 3.51 | <0.0001 | 5.14 | 2.16 | 5.37 | 3.59 | 0.0499 |
Associations of Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system scores of meals and snacks with total dietary intakes
Meals and snacks based on time†
| Meals and snacks based on EI contribution‡
| FSA score of meals and snacks | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FSA score of meals | FSA score of snacks | FSA score of meals | FSA score of snacks | ||||||||||||
β§
| 95% CI§
|
P
| β§
| 95% CI§
|
P
| β§
| 95% CI§
|
P
| β§
| 95% CI§
|
P
| β§
| 95% CI§
|
P
| |
Food intake from meals and snacks (g/10 MJ) | |||||||||||||||
Fruits, vegetables and nuts | −25.63 | −31.37, −19.90 | <0.0001 | −9.06 | −12.84, −5.28 | <0.0001 | −34.65 | −40.62, −28.68 | <0.0001 | −4.93 | −8.31, −1.54 | 0.003 | −37.64 | −43.16, −32.12 | <0.0001 |
Cereals | −11.26 | −15.15, −7.37 | <0.0001 | −0.99 | −3.56, 1.57 | 0.45 | −15.29 | −19.35, −11.23 | <0.0001 | 0.09 | −2.21, 2.39 | 0.94 | −13.63 | −17.38, −9.87 | <0.0001 |
Biscuits, cakes and pastries | 4.66 | 3.24, 6.07 | <0.0001 | 2.64 | 1.71, 3.58 | <0.0001 | 5.24 | 3.73, 6.75 | <0.0001 | 2.20 | 1.35, 3.05 | <0.0001 | 7.58 | 6.20, 8.96 | <0.0001 |
Fish | −3.60 | −5.17, −2.03 | <0.0001 | −1.04 | −2.08, −0.009 | 0.048 | −4.65 | −6.31, −2.99 | <0.0001 | −0.13 | −1.07, 0.81 | 0.79 | −4.92 | −6.44, −3.40 | <0.0001 |
Meat | −5.71 | −9.40, −2.02 | 0.003 | −2.56 | −4.99, −0.12 | 0.04 | −8.18 | −12.07, −4.30 | <0.0001 | −1.85 | −4.05, 0.35 | 0.10 | −9.10 | −12.67, −5.52 | <0.0001 |
Dairy products | −11.86 | −19.15, −4.57 | 0.002 | 2.60 | −2.21, 7.41 | 0.29 | −9.64 | −17.36, −1.91 | 0.01 | −0.28 | −4.66, 4.09 | 0.90 | −8.12 | −15.22, −1.02 | 0.03 |
Soft drinks | 2.87 | −4.86, 10.60 | 0.47 | 2.82 | −2.27, 7.92 | 0.28 | 12.90 | 4.78, 21.03 | 0.002 | −4.12 | −8.72, 0.49 | 0.08 | 7.22 | −0.28, 14.71 | 0.06 |
Sugar, preserves and confectionery | 5.23 | 4.01, 6.44 | <0.0001 | 1.84 | −0.11, 0.29 | 0.38 | 2.33 | 1.10, 3.57 | 0.0002 | 4.21 | 3.51, 4.91 | <0.0001 | 7.69 | 6.52, 8.86 | <0.0001 |
Nutrient intake from meals and snacks | |||||||||||||||
Protein (% of energy) | −0.51 | −0.61, −0.41 | <0.0001 | −0.09 | −0.16, −0.03 | 0.007 | −0.61 | −0.72, −0.51 | <0.0001 | −0.05 | −0.11, 0.01 | 0.08 | −0.63 | −0.72, −0.53 | <0.0001 |
Fat (% of energy) | 1.05 | 0.85, 1.24 | <0.0001 | 0.45 | 0.33, 0.58 | <0.0001 | 1.46 | 1.26, 1.66 | <0.0001 | 0.24 | 0.13, 0.35 | <0.0001 | 1.65 | 1.47, 1.84 | <0.0001 |
Saturated fatty acid (% of energy) | 0.67 | 0.58, 0.76 | <0.0001 | 0.29 | 0.23, 0.34 | <0.0001 | 0.87 | 0.78, 0.96 | <0.0001 | 0.19 | 0.14, 0.24 | <0.0001 | 1.05 | 0.97, 1.14 | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrate (% of energy) | −0.19 | −0.47, 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.14 | −0.04, 0.32 | 0.14 | −0.97 | −1.25, −0.69 | <0.0001 | 0.56 | 0.40, 0.72 | <0.0001 | −0.11 | −0.38, 0.16 | 0.44 |
Starch (% of energy) | −0.44 | −0.67, −0.22 | <0.0001 | 0.01 | −0.14, 0.16 | 0.90 | −0.75 | −0.98, −0.52 | <0.0001 | 0.12 | −0.01, 0.25 | 0.07 | −0.50 | −0.72, −0.29 | <0.0001 |
Total sugar (g/10 MJ) | 0.25 | 0.004, 0.50 | 0.047 | 0.13 | −0.03, 0.29 | 0.12 | −0.21 | −0.47, 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.44 | 0.29, 0.58 | <0.0001 | 0.40 | 0.16, 0.64 | 0.001 |
Non-milk extrinsic sugar (% of energy) | 0.68 | 0.45, 0.90 | <0.0001 | 0.18 | 0.04, 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.06, 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.48 | 0.35, 0.61 | <0.0001 | 0.90 | 0.68, 1.12 | <0.0001 |
Alcohol (% of energy) | −0.35 | −0.61, −0.09 | 0.009 | −0.51 | −0.68, −0.33 | <0.0001 | 0.12 | −0.16, 0.39 | 0.40 | −0.75 | −0.91, −0.60 | <0.0001 | −0.93 | −1.19, −0.67 | <0.0001 |
Dietary fiber (g/10 MJ) | −0.95 | −1.13, −0.76 | <0.0001 | −0.15 | −0.27, −0.03 | 0.02 | −1.27 | −1.46, −1.08 | <0.0001 | 0.003 | −0.11, 0.11 | 0.95 | −1.17 | −1.35, −0.99 | <0.0001 |
Sodium (g/10 MJ) | 20.05 | −7.94, 48.04 | 0.16 | −8.11 | −26.58, 10.35 | 0.39 | 19.46 | −10.14, 49.06 | 0.20 | −5.160 | −21.93, 11.61 | 0.55 | 11.89 | −15.30, 39.08 | 0.39 |
Total EI (kJ/d) | 152.3 | 55.7, 248.9 | 0.002 | 111.0 | 47.2, 174.7 | 0.0007 | 281.7 | 179.7, 383.6 | <0.0001 | 29.2 | −28.6, 86.9 | 0.32 | 300.1 | 206.5, 393.7 | <0.0001 |
Diet quality score | |||||||||||||||
Healthy diet indicator||
| −0.19 | −0.24, −0.14 | <0.0001 | −0.05 | −0.09, −0.02 | 0.002 | −0.20 | −0.26, −0.15 | <0.0001 | −0.06 | −0.09, −0.03 | <0.0001 | −0.27 | −0.32, −0.22 | <0.0001 |
Mediterranean diet score¶
| −0.19 | −0.25, −0.13 | <0.0001 | −0.08 | −0.12, −0.04 | 0.0002 | −0.25 | −0.32, −0.19 | <0.0001 | −0.05 | −0.09, −0.02 | 0.005 | −0.30 | −0.36, −0.24 | <0.0001 |
Meals and snacks based on time† | Meals and snacks based on EI contribution‡ | FSA score of meals and snacks | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FSA score of meals | FSA score of snacks | FSA score of meals | FSA score of snacks | ||||||||||||
β§ | 95% CI§ |
P
| β§ | 95% CI§ |
P
| β§ | 95% CI§ |
P
| β§ | 95% CI§ |
P
| β§ | 95% CI§ |
P
| |
Food intake from meals and snacks (g/10 MJ) | |||||||||||||||
Fruits, vegetables and nuts | −44.11 | −50.49, −37.72 | <0.0001 | −10.10 | −14.39, −5.81 | <0.0001 | −40.62 | −47.88, −33.37 | <0.0001 | −17.30 | −21.65, −12.95 | <0.0001 | −57.96 | −64.49, −51.43 | <0.0001 |
Cereals | −9.10 | −12.25, −5.94 | <0.0001 | −1.49 | −3.61, 0.63 | 0.17 | −10.99 | −14.64, −7.34 | <0.0001 | −1.00 | −3.19, 1.19 | 0.37 | −12.01 | −15.26, −8.76 | <0.0001 |
Biscuits, cakes and pastries | 3.63 | 2.53, 4.73 | <0.0001 | 2.20 | 1.46, 2.94 | <0.0001 | 3.30 | 2.03, 4.56 | <0.0001 | 2.70 | 1.94, 3.46 | <0.0001 | 6.31 | 5.17, 7.45 | <0.0001 |
Fish | −5.65 | −7.38, −3.92 | <0.0001 | −2.17 | −3.33, −1.01 | 0.0003 | −6.82 | −8.81, −4.83 | <0.0001 | −1.80 | −3.00, −0.61 | 0.003 | −8.46 | −10.24, −6.69 | <0.0001 |
Meat | −4.80 | −8.31, −1.30 | 0.007 | −2.01 | −4.36, 0.35 | 0.09 | −6.63 | −10.70, −2.56 | 0.001 | −0.76 | −3.20, 1.68 | 0.54 | −6.95 | −10.58, −3.32 | 0.0002 |
Dairy products | −16.74 | −23.40, −10.07 | <0.0001 | −6.71 | −11.19, −2.23 | 0.003 | −10.61 | −18.35, −2.88 | 0.007 | −10.70 | −15.34, −6.05 | <0.0001 | −22.73 | −29.66, −15.81 | <0.0001 |
Soft drinks | 7.87 | 1.30, 14.44 | 0.02 | −0.36 | −4.78, 4.05 | 0.87 | 3.52 | −4.11, 11.16 | 0.37 | 2.65 | −1.94, 7.23 | 0.26 | 6.22 | −0.59, 13.03 | 0.07 |
Sugar, preserves and confectionery | 5.19 | 4.22, 6.15 | <0.0001 | 1.70 | 1.05, 2.34 | <0.0001 | 1.82 | 0.74, 2.90 | 0.001 | 4.21 | 3.56, 4.85 | <0.0001 | 7.07 | 6.08, 8.07 | <0.0001 |
Nutrient intake from meals and snacks | |||||||||||||||
Protein (% of energy) | −0.54 | −0.62, −0.45 | <0.0001 | −0.20 | −0.25, −0.14 | <0.0001 | −0.51 | −0.61, −0.41 | <0.0001 | −0.23 | −0.29, −0.18 | <0.0001 | −0.76 | −0.85, −0.67 | <0.0001 |
Fat (% of energy) | 1.36 | 1.20, 1.53 | <0.0001 | 0.42 | 0.31, 0.53 | <0.0001 | 1.83 | 1.65, 2.01 | <0.0001 | 0.16 | 0.05, 0.27 | 0.005 | 1.93 | 1.77, 2.10 | <0.0001 |
Saturated fatty acid (% of energy) | 0.74 | 0.66, 0.82 | <0.0001 | 0.25 | 0.20, 0.30 | <0.0001 | 1.04 | 0.96, 1.13 | <0.0001 | 0.07 | 0.02, 0.12 | 0.009 | 1.07 | 0.99, 1.15 | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrate (% of energy) | −0.44 | −0.66, −0.22 | <0.0001 | −0.03 | −0.17, 0.12 | 0.74 | −1.22 | −1.47, −0.98 | <0.0001 | 0.47 | 0.32, 0.61 | <0.0001 | −0.57 | −0.80, −0.35 | <0.0001 |
Starch (% of energy) | −0.39 | −0.56, −0.21 | <0.0001 | −0.07 | −0.19, 0.05 | 0.24 | −0.77 | −0.97, −0.57 | <0.0001 | 0.19 | 0.07, 0.31 | 0.002 | −0.53 | −0.72, −0.35 | <0.0001 |
Total sugar (g/10 MJ) | −0.05 | −0.26, 0.15 | 0.60 | 0.04 | −0.09, 0.18 | 0.52 | −0.46 | −0.69, −0.22 | 0.0001 | 0.27 | 0.13, 0.41 | 0.0001 | −0.04 | −0.25, 0.17 | 0.71 |
Non-milk extrinsic sugar (% of energy) | 0.66 | 0.48, 0.83 | <0.0001 | 0.19 | 0.07, 0.31 | 0.002 | 0.13 | −0.07, 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.57 | 0.45, 0.70 | <0.0001 | 0.86 | 0.67, 1.04 | <0.0001 |
Alcohol (% of energy) | −0.39 | −0.55, −0.22 | <0.0001 | −0.21 | −0.32, −0.09 | 0.0003 | −0.10 | −0.29, 0.10 | 0.33 | −0.39 | −0.51, −0.28 | <0.0001 | −0.60 | −0.78, −0.43 | <0.0001 |
Dietary fiber (g/10 MJ) | −1.40 | −1.58, −1.22 | <0.0001 | −0.22 | −0.34, −0.10 | 0.0004 | −1.59 | −1.80, −1.39 | <0.0001 | −0.22 | −0.34, −0.09 | 0.0005 | −1.77 | −1.95, −1.58 | <0.0001 |
Sodium (g/10 MJ) | −6.28 | −32.36, 19.80 | 0.64 | −7.51 | −25.03, 10.02 | 0.40 | 27.76 | −2.33, 57.86 | 0.07 | −30.46 | −48.52, −12.39 | 0.001 | −11.29 | −38.30, 15.72 | 0.41 |
Total EI (kJ/d) | 125.1 | 73.6, 176.7 | <0.0001 | 104.10 | 69.4, 138.7 | <0.0001 | 130.4 | 71.3. 189.6 | <0.0001 | 116.7 | 81.2, 152.2 | <0.0001 | 258.2 | 205.0, 311.5 | <0.0001 |
Diet quality score | |||||||||||||||
Healthy diet indicator|| | −0.17 | −0.21, −0.13 | <0.0001 | −0.05 | −0.08, −0.03 | 0.0001 | −0.22 | −0.26, −0.18 | <0.0001 | −0.03 | −0.06, −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.24 | −0.28, −0.20 | <0.0001 |
Mediterranean diet score¶ | −0.20 | −0.25, −0.15 | <0.0001 | −0.05 | −0.09, −0.02 | 0.002 | −0.24 | −0.29, −0.18 | <0.0001 | −0.05 | −0.08, −0.01 | 0.005 | −0.28 | −0.33, −0.23 | <0.0001 |
Associations of Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system scores of meals and snacks with measures of body fatness
Men (n 659) | Women (n 792) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1† | Model 2‡ | Model 1† | Model 2‡ | |||||||||
β§ | 95% CI§ |
P
| β§ | 95% CI§ |
P
| β§ | 95% CI§ |
P
| β§ | 95% CI§ |
P
| |
FSA score of meals based on time|| | ||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.03 | −0.14, 0.20 | 0.76 | 0.07 | −0.09, 0.24 | 0.39 | −0.17 | −0.35, 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.02 | −0.20, 0.15 | 0.80 |
WC (cm) | 0.20 | −0.22, 0.62 | 0.34 | 0.30 | −0.11, 0.72 | 0.15 | −0.21 | −0.58, 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.04 | −0.32, 0.41 | 0.82 |
FSA score of snacks based on time|| | ||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.11 | −0.22, 0.003 | 0.06 | −0.06 | −0.17, 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.04 | −0.08, 0.16 | 0.52 | 0.11 | −0.01, 0.22 | 0.07 |
WC (cm) | −0.12 | −0.39, 0.15 | 0.39 | −0.02 | −0.29, 0.25 | 0.91 | −0.06 | −0.30, 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.06 | −0.18, 0.30 | 0.62 |
FSA score of meals based on EI contribution¶ | ||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.02 | −0.16, 0.19 | 0.87 | 0.12 | −0.06, 0.30 | 0.19 | −0.24 | −0.45, −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.07 | −0.27, 0.13 | 0.48 |
WC (cm) | 0.11 | −0.33, 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.33 | −0.12, 0.77 | 0.15 | −0.48 | −0.91, −0.05 | 0.03 | −0.18 | −0.60, 0.25 | 0.41 |
FSA score of snacks based on EI contribution¶ | ||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.08 | −0.18, 0.02 | 0.12 | −0.08 | −0.18, 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.11 | −0.01, 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.05, 0.29 | 0.005 |
WC (cm) | −0.02 | −0.27, 0.23 | 0.87 | −0.02 | −0.27, 0.22 | 0.85 | 0.24 | −0.01, 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.09, 0.59 | 0.007 |
FSA score of meals and snacks | ||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.06 | −0.22, 0.11 | 0.50 | 0.05 | −0.11, 0.22 | 0.55 | −0.11 | −0.29, 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.12 | −0.06, 0.30 | 0.20 |
WC (cm) | −0.23 | −0.40, −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.10 | −0.10, 0.29 | 0.35 | −0.21 | −0.59, 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.19 | −0.20, 0.58 | 0.33 |