Introduction
Materials and methods
Search strategy
1. Anatomy, Regional/or exp Anatomy/or Anatomy, Cross-Sectional/or Anatomy, Comparative/ |
2. Exp Knee Joint/or exp Patellofemoral Joint/ |
3. 1 or 2 |
4. Medial patellofemoral ligament.mp. [mp = title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier] |
5. 3 and 4 |
6. mpfl.mp. [mp = title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier] |
7. 3 and 6 |
8. 5 or 7 |
Eligibility criteria and identification
Data extraction and critical appraisal
References | Focussed question | Appropriate design | Population defined | [Ethical approval consideration?] | Sample size defined by power | [Source of samples stated] | Outcome measures defined | Dissection method defined | Radiological assessment described | Observers defined | Observer reliability assessed | Multiple observations | Blinding of observer to pathology | Statistical methods described | Variance described | Inferential statistics employed | Appropriate interpretation | Generalisability | Relevance to present evidence base | Clinical relevance discussed | Total number of features met |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Philippot et al. [68] | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 10 |
Panagiotopoulos et al. [65] | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 10 |
Lee et al. [49] | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 10 |
Warren and Marshall [101] | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 10 |
Reider et al. [76] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 |
Tuxøe et al. [98] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 |
Feller et al. [32] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 |
Starok et al. [91] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 |
Schöttle et al. [81] | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 |
Nomura et al. [62] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
Triantafillopoulos et al. [97] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
Andrikoula et al. [3] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Mochizuki et al. [57] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Viste et al. [99] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Nomura et al. [60] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Shea et al. [83] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Waligora et al. [100] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Conlan et al. [21] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Jacobi et al. [44] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Philippot et al. [69] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Smirk and Morris [88] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Baldwin. [11] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Desio et al. [23] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Fujino et al. [37] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Aragão et al. [4] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Placella et al. [73] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Kang et al. [45] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Steensen et al. [92] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Redfern et al. [75] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Barnett et al. [13] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Shea et al. [84] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
LaPrade et al. [48] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Farrow et al. [31] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 16 |
Stephen et al. [93] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 17 |
References | Study type | Focussed Qs | Appropriate design | Population defined | Recruitment methods described | Sample size defined by power | Study setting described | Outcome measures defined | Dissection method defined | Radiological assessment described | Observers defined | Observer reliability assessed | Multiple observations | Blinding of observer to pathology | Statistical methods described | Variance described | Inferential statistics employed | Appropriate interpretation | Generalisability | Relevance to present evidence base | Clinical relevance discussed | Total number of features met |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Camanho et al. [17] | Surgical | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 7 |
Lippacher and Nelitz [51] | X-ray | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | 8 |
Matthews and Schranz [55] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 |
Schottle et al. [81] | Mixed | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 |
Inoue et al. [41] | Case reports | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
Avikainen et al. [8] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
Felus et al. [34] | USS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
Ahmad et al. [1] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Deie et al. [22] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Nomura et al. [59] | Mixed | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Dirim et al. [25] | Mixed | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Phornphutkul et al. [70] | Mixed | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Sallay et al. [77] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Kang et al. [46] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Balcarek et al. [9] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Iwama et al. [42] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
Nomura and Inoue [61] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Balcarek et al. [10] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Wissman et al. [103] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Oka et al. [63] | Simulation | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 14 |
Christiansen et al. [19] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Lim et al. [50] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Enderlein et al. [30] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Elias et al. [28] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Graf et al. [39] | Simulation | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 |
Bitar et al. [15] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 16 |
Kepler et al. [47] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 16 |
De Oliveira et al. [64] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 16 |
Yoo et al. [104] | Simulation | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 16 |
Zhang et al. [105] | USS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 16 |
Tateishi et al. [94] | Case series | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 17 |
Sillanpää et al. [86] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 17 |
Sillanpää et al. [87] | MRI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 18 |
Wijdicks et al. [102] | X-ray | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 18 |
Data analysis
Results
Search results
Characteristics of included studies
Site | References | Number of knees |
---|---|---|
Medial patella | Panagiotopoulos et al. [65]a
| 8 |
Mochizuki et al. [57]a
| 16 | |
Lee et al. [49]a
| 5 | |
Starok et al. [91]a
| 5 | |
Waligora et al. [100]a
| 18 | |
Matthews and Schanz [55]e
| 21 | |
Iwama et al. [42]c
| 25 | |
Kang et al. [46]c
| 85 | |
Sillanpää et al. [86]c
| 32 | |
Sillanpää et al. [87]c
| 56 | |
Proximal | Viste et al. [99]a
| 12 |
Wissman et al. [103]c
| 10 | |
Proximal half | Jacobi et al. [44]a
| 20 |
Philipott et al. [69]a
| 23 | |
Conlan et al. [21]a
| 25 | |
Stephen et al. [93]a
| 8 | |
Proximal one third | Triantafillopoulos et al. [97]a
| 8 |
Placella et al. [73]a
| 20 | |
Tateishi et al. [94]e
| 27 | |
Graf et al. [39]d
| 10 | |
Proximal one third to midline | Nomura et al. [60]a
| 17 |
Nomura et al. [59]b
| 27 | |
Middle | Kang et al. [45]a
| 12 |
Shea et al. [84]a
| 9 | |
Yoo et al. [104]d
| 10 | |
Proximal two thirds | Tuxøe et al. [98]a
| 39 |
Andrikoula et al. [3]a
| 10 | |
Nomura et al. [62]a
| 20 | |
Baldwin. [11]a
| 50 | |
Inoue et al. [41]f
| 2 | |
Christiansen et al. [19]e
| 42 | |
Balcarek et al. [10]c
| 73 | |
Balcarek et al. [9]c
| 43 | |
Superomedial | LaPrade et al. [48]a
| 8 |
Feller et al. [32]a
| 20 | |
Desio et al. [23]a
| 9 | |
Barnett et al. [13]a
| 10 | |
Hautamaa et al. [40]a
| 17 | |
Phornphutkul et al. [70]b
| 5 | |
Dirim et al. [25]b
| 12 | |
De Oliveira et al. [64]c
| 125 | |
Zhang et al. [105]g
| 49 | |
Steensen et al. [92]a
| 11 | |
Insertion fans out over patella and surrounding tissues | Fujino et al. [37]a
| 31 |
Smirk and Morris [88]a
| 25 | |
Aragão et al. [4]a
| 10 |
Site | Papers | Number of knees |
---|---|---|
Adductor tubercle (AT) | Starok et al. [91]a
| 5 |
Distal to AT | Smirk and Morris [88]a
| 25 |
Viste et al. [99]a
| 12 | |
Jacobi et al. [44]a
| 20 | |
Nomura et al. [60]a
| 17 | |
Tuxøe et al. [98]a
| 39 | |
Nomura et al. [62]a
| 20 | |
Dirim et al. [25]b
| 12 | |
Lim et al. [50]b
| 27 | |
Medial femoral epicondyle (MFE) | Panagiotopoulos et al. [65]a
| 8 |
Mochizuki et al. [57]a
| 16 | |
Andrikoula et al. [3]a
| 10 | |
Steensen et al. [92]a
| 11 | |
Reider et al. [76]a
| 48 | |
Hautamaa et al. [40]a
| 17 | |
Kang et al. [46]c
| 85 | |
Between MFE and AT | Philippot et al. [69]a
| 23 |
Placella et al. [73]a
| 20 | |
Laprade et al. [48]a
| 8 | |
Fujino et al. [37]a
| 31 | |
Stephen et al. [93]a
| 8 | |
Baldwin [11]a
| 50 | |
Farrow et al. [31]a
| 16 | |
Lee et al. [49]a
| 5 | |
Waligora et al. [100]a
| 18 | |
Kang et al. [45]a
| 12 | |
Barnett et al. [13] a
| 10 | |
Schöttle et al. [81]a
| 8 | |
De Oliveira et al. [23]c
| 125 | |
Sillanpää et al. [86]c
| 32 | |
Balcarek et al. [10]c
| 73 | |
Balcarek et al. [9]c
| 43 | |
Yoo et al. [104]d
| 10 | |
Enderlein et al. [30]e
| 240 | |
Tateishi et al. [94]e
| 27 | |
Bitar et al. [15]e
| 41 | |
Wijdicks et al. [102]f
| 11 | |
Nomura et al. [59]b
| 27 | |
MFE and AT | Iwama et al. [42]c
| 25 |
Aragão et al. [4]a
| 17 | |
Triantafillopoulos et al. [97]a
| 8 | |
Anterior to MFE | Feller et al. [32]a
| 20 |
Adjacent to medial collateral (MCL) insertion | Deie et al. [22]e
| 6 |
AT with MCL | Phornphutkul et al. [70]b
| 5 |
Between AT and MCL | Christiansen et al. [19]e
| 42 |
Avikainen et al. [8]e
| 14 | |
Wissman et al. [103]c
| 10 | |
With superficial MCL | Warren and Marshall [101]a
| 154 |
AT and MFE and superficial MCL | Desio et al. [23]a
| 9 |
Over MFE, distal to AT, partly to capsule | Inoue et al. [41]g
| 1 |
38 % of postero-anterior distance and 54 % of distal-proximal distance of condyle | Oka et al. [63]d
| 20 |
5 mm anterior to posterior cortex, 3 mm proximal to apex with Blumensaat’s line | Redfern et al. [75]a
| 8 |
Proximal to physis | Shea et al. [83]a
| 6 |
5-6 mm distal to physis | Kepler et al. [47]c
| 44 |
Lippacher and Nelitz [51]f
| 27 |