Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Urban Health 3/2015

01.06.2015

Partner Incarceration and African-American Women’s Sexual Relationships and Risk: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study

verfasst von: Hannah LF Cooper, Bethany Caruso, Terrika Barham, Venita Embry, Emily Dauria, Claire D. Clark, Megan L. Comfort

Erschienen in: Journal of Urban Health | Ausgabe 3/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Racialized mass incarceration is associated with racial/ethnic disparities in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the US. The purpose of this longitudinal qualitative study was to learn about the processes through which partner incarceration affects African-American women’s sexual risk. Four waves of in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted in 2010–2011 with 30 women in Atlanta, Georgia (US) who had recently incarcerated partners. Approximately half the sample misused substances at baseline. Transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory. For over half the sample (N = 19), partner incarceration resulted in destitution, and half of this group (N = 9) developed new partnerships to secure shelter or food; most misused substances. Other women (N = 9) initiated casual relationships to meet emotional or sexual needs. When considered with past research, these findings suggest that reducing incarceration rates among African-American men may reduce HIV/STIs among African-American women, particularly among substance-misusing women, as might rapidly linking women with recently incarcerated partners to housing and economic support and drug treatment.
Fußnoten
1
All names are pseudonyms to protect participants.
 
2
As seen in Table 1, T3 women’s household income seems to increase between the month preceding arrest and the month preceding baseline. This may be because some were living with family at the time, and included family members’ incomes in their calculations.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Pouget ER, Kershaw TS, Niccolai LM, Ickovics JR, Blankenship KM. Associations of sex ratios and male incarceration rates with multiple opposite-sex partners: potential social determinants of HIV/STI transmission. Public Health Rep. 2010; 125(Suppl 4): 70–80.PubMedCentralPubMed Pouget ER, Kershaw TS, Niccolai LM, Ickovics JR, Blankenship KM. Associations of sex ratios and male incarceration rates with multiple opposite-sex partners: potential social determinants of HIV/STI transmission. Public Health Rep. 2010; 125(Suppl 4): 70–80.PubMedCentralPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas J, Levandowski B, Isler M, Torrone E, Wilson G. Incarceration and sexually transmitted infections: a neighborhood perspective. J Urban Health. 2008; 85(1): 90–99.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Thomas J, Levandowski B, Isler M, Torrone E, Wilson G. Incarceration and sexually transmitted infections: a neighborhood perspective. J Urban Health. 2008; 85(1): 90–99.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas JC, Sampson LA. High rates of incarceration as a social force associated with community rates of sexually transmitted infection. J Infect Dis. 2005; 191(Suppl 1): S55–S60.PubMedCrossRef Thomas JC, Sampson LA. High rates of incarceration as a social force associated with community rates of sexually transmitted infection. J Infect Dis. 2005; 191(Suppl 1): S55–S60.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas JC, Torrone E. Incarceration as forced migration: effects on selected community health outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(10): 1762–1765.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Thomas JC, Torrone E. Incarceration as forced migration: effects on selected community health outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(10): 1762–1765.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Adimora A, Schoenbach VJ. Contextual factors and the black-white disparity in heterosexual HIV transmission. Epidemiology. 2002; 13(6): 707–712.PubMedCrossRef Adimora A, Schoenbach VJ. Contextual factors and the black-white disparity in heterosexual HIV transmission. Epidemiology. 2002; 13(6): 707–712.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ. Social context, social networks, and racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Dis. 2005; 191(Suppl 1): S115–S122.PubMedCrossRef Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ. Social context, social networks, and racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Dis. 2005; 191(Suppl 1): S115–S122.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Fellner J. Race, drugs, and law enforcement in the United States. Stanf Law Pol Rev. 2009; 20(2): 257–292. Fellner J. Race, drugs, and law enforcement in the United States. Stanf Law Pol Rev. 2009; 20(2): 257–292.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexander M. The New Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press; 2010. Alexander M. The New Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press; 2010.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Western B, Wildeman C. The Black family and mass incarceration. ANNALS Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2009; 621(January): 221–242.CrossRef Western B, Wildeman C. The Black family and mass incarceration. ANNALS Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2009; 621(January): 221–242.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Drucker E. Drug law, mass incarceration, and public health. Oregon Law Rev. 2013; 91: 1097–1128. Drucker E. Drug law, mass incarceration, and public health. Oregon Law Rev. 2013; 91: 1097–1128.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Western B, Pettit B. Incarceration & social inequality. Daedalus. 2010; 2010(Summer): 8–19.CrossRef Western B, Pettit B. Incarceration & social inequality. Daedalus. 2010; 2010(Summer): 8–19.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Western B, Muller C. Mass incarceration, macrosociology, and the poor. ANNALS Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2013; 647(1): 166–189.CrossRef Western B, Muller C. Mass incarceration, macrosociology, and the poor. ANNALS Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2013; 647(1): 166–189.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Carson EA, Sabol WJ. Prisoners in 2011. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2012. Carson EA, Sabol WJ. Prisoners in 2011. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2012.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Mauer M. Addressing racial disparities in incarceration. Prison J. 2011; 91(3): 875–1015. Mauer M. Addressing racial disparities in incarceration. Prison J. 2011; 91(3): 875–1015.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson AS, Beer L, Sionean C, Hu X, Furlow-Parmley C, Le B, et al. HIV Infection—United States, 2008 and 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2013. 62(03):112–119. Johnson AS, Beer L, Sionean C, Hu X, Furlow-Parmley C, Le B, et al. HIV Infection—United States, 2008 and 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2013. 62(03):112–119.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Green TC, Pouget ER, Harrington M, et al. Limiting options: sex ratios, incarceration rates, and sexual risk behavior among people on probation and parole. Sex Transm Dis. 2012; 39(6): 424–430.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Green TC, Pouget ER, Harrington M, et al. Limiting options: sex ratios, incarceration rates, and sexual risk behavior among people on probation and parole. Sex Transm Dis. 2012; 39(6): 424–430.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ, Taylor EM, Khan MR, Schwartz RJ, Miller WC. Sex ratio, poverty, and concurrent partnerships among men and women in the United States: a multilevel analysis. Ann Epidemiol. 2013; 23(11): 716–719.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ, Taylor EM, Khan MR, Schwartz RJ, Miller WC. Sex ratio, poverty, and concurrent partnerships among men and women in the United States: a multilevel analysis. Ann Epidemiol. 2013; 23(11): 716–719.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferguson YO, Quinn SC, Eng E, Sandelowski M. The gender ratio imbalance and its relationship to risk of HIV/AIDS among African American women at historically black colleges and universities. AIDS Care. 2006; 18(4): 323–331.PubMedCrossRef Ferguson YO, Quinn SC, Eng E, Sandelowski M. The gender ratio imbalance and its relationship to risk of HIV/AIDS among African American women at historically black colleges and universities. AIDS Care. 2006; 18(4): 323–331.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Morris M, Kretzschmar M. Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV. AIDS. 1997; 11(5): 641–648.PubMedCrossRef Morris M, Kretzschmar M. Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV. AIDS. 1997; 11(5): 641–648.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Potterat JJ, Zimmerman-Rogers H, Muth SQ, Rothenberg RB, Green DL, Taylor JE, et al. Chlamydia transmission: concurrency, reproduction number, and the epidemic trajectory. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 150(12): 1331–1339. Potterat JJ, Zimmerman-Rogers H, Muth SQ, Rothenberg RB, Green DL, Taylor JE, et al. Chlamydia transmission: concurrency, reproduction number, and the epidemic trajectory. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 150(12): 1331–1339.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorbach PM, Drumright LN, Holmes KK. Discord, discordance, and concurrency: comparing individual and partnership-level analyses of new partnerships of young adults at risk of sexually transmitted infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2005; 32(1): 7–12.PubMedCrossRef Gorbach PM, Drumright LN, Holmes KK. Discord, discordance, and concurrency: comparing individual and partnership-level analyses of new partnerships of young adults at risk of sexually transmitted infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2005; 32(1): 7–12.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Seal D, Eldridge G, Kacanek D, Binson D, MacGowan R. A longitudinal, qualitative analysis of the context of substance use and sexual behavior among 18-to-29-year-old men after their release from prison. Soc Sci Med. 2007; 65: 2394–2406.PubMedCrossRef Seal D, Eldridge G, Kacanek D, Binson D, MacGowan R. A longitudinal, qualitative analysis of the context of substance use and sexual behavior among 18-to-29-year-old men after their release from prison. Soc Sci Med. 2007; 65: 2394–2406.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan M, Miller WC, Schoenbach VJ, et al. Timing and duration of incarceration and high-risk sexual partnerships among African Americans in North Carolina. Ann Epidemiol. 2008; 18(5): 403–410.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Khan M, Miller WC, Schoenbach VJ, et al. Timing and duration of incarceration and high-risk sexual partnerships among African Americans in North Carolina. Ann Epidemiol. 2008; 18(5): 403–410.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Rogers SM, Khan MR, Tan S, Turner CF, Miller WC, Erbelding E. Incarceration, high-risk sexual partnerships and sexually transmitted infections in an urban population. Sex Transm Infect. 2012; 88(1): 63–68.PubMedCrossRef Rogers SM, Khan MR, Tan S, Turner CF, Miller WC, Erbelding E. Incarceration, high-risk sexual partnerships and sexually transmitted infections in an urban population. Sex Transm Infect. 2012; 88(1): 63–68.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan MR, Behrend L, Adimora AA, Weir SS, White BL, Wohl DA. Dissolution of primary intimate relationships during incarceration and implications for post-release HIV transmission. J Urban Health. 2011; 88(2): 365–375.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Khan MR, Behrend L, Adimora AA, Weir SS, White BL, Wohl DA. Dissolution of primary intimate relationships during incarceration and implications for post-release HIV transmission. J Urban Health. 2011; 88(2): 365–375.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
27.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Davey-Rothwell M, Villarroel MA, Grieb SA, Latkin C. Norms, attitudes, and sex behaviors among women with incarcerated male partners. J Urban Health. 2012; 90(6): 1151–1165.PubMedCentralCrossRef Davey-Rothwell M, Villarroel MA, Grieb SA, Latkin C. Norms, attitudes, and sex behaviors among women with incarcerated male partners. J Urban Health. 2012; 90(6): 1151–1165.PubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Petersilia J. When prisoners come home. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press; 2003. Petersilia J. When prisoners come home. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press; 2003.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Fishman L. Women at the wall: a study of prisoners’ wives doing time on the outside. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press; 1990. Fishman L. Women at the wall: a study of prisoners’ wives doing time on the outside. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press; 1990.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Girshick L. Soldad Women: Wives of Prisoners Speak Out. Westport, CT: Praeger; 1996; 1998. Girshick L. Soldad Women: Wives of Prisoners Speak Out. Westport, CT: Praeger; 1996; 1998.
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Harman J, Smith V, Egan L. The impact of incarceration on intimate relationships. Crim Justice Behav. 2007; 34: 794–815.CrossRef Harman J, Smith V, Egan L. The impact of incarceration on intimate relationships. Crim Justice Behav. 2007; 34: 794–815.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlson B, Cervera N. Inmates and their wives: incarceration and family life New York. New York, NY: Praeger; 1992. Carlson B, Cervera N. Inmates and their wives: incarceration and family life New York. New York, NY: Praeger; 1992.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Braman D. Doing time on the outside: incarceration and family life in urban America. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press; 2007. Braman D. Doing time on the outside: incarceration and family life in urban America. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press; 2007.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper HL, Clark CD, Barham T, Embry V, Caruso B, Comfort ML. “He was the story of my drug use life”: a longitudinal qualitative study of the impact of partner incarceration on substance misuse patterns among African American women. Subst Use Misuse. 2014; 49: 176–188.CrossRef Cooper HL, Clark CD, Barham T, Embry V, Caruso B, Comfort ML. “He was the story of my drug use life”: a longitudinal qualitative study of the impact of partner incarceration on substance misuse patterns among African American women. Subst Use Misuse. 2014; 49: 176–188.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Stokols D. Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. Am J Health Promot. 1996; 10: 282–298.PubMedCrossRef Stokols D. Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. Am J Health Promot. 1996; 10: 282–298.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Patton MQ. Qualitative research & evaluation methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc; 2001. Patton MQ. Qualitative research & evaluation methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc; 2001.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2007.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat TCU Institute of Behavioral Research. TCU Drug Screen II. Fort Worth, Texas: TCU; 2006. TCU Institute of Behavioral Research. TCU Drug Screen II. Fort Worth, Texas: TCU; 2006.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1998. Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1998.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat ATLAS.ti Version 4.2. [computer program]. Version 4.2. Berlin: scientific software development; 1999. ATLAS.ti Version 4.2. [computer program]. Version 4.2. Berlin: scientific software development; 1999.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Arditti J, Lambert-Shute J, Joest K. Saturday morning at the jail: implications of incarceration for families and children. Fam Relat. 2003; 52: 195–204.CrossRef Arditti J, Lambert-Shute J, Joest K. Saturday morning at the jail: implications of incarceration for families and children. Fam Relat. 2003; 52: 195–204.CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Macaluso M, Demand MJ, Artz LM, Hook EW. Partner type and condom use. AIDS. 2000; 14: 537–546.PubMedCrossRef Macaluso M, Demand MJ, Artz LM, Hook EW. Partner type and condom use. AIDS. 2000; 14: 537–546.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Berkel C, McBride Murry V, Hurt TR, et al. It takes a village: protecting rural African American youth in the context of racism. J Youth Adolesc Multidiscip Res Publ. 2008; 38: 175–188.CrossRef Berkel C, McBride Murry V, Hurt TR, et al. It takes a village: protecting rural African American youth in the context of racism. J Youth Adolesc Multidiscip Res Publ. 2008; 38: 175–188.CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Epperson MW, Khan MR, El-Bassel N, Wu E, Gilbert L. A longitudinal study of incarceration and HIV risk among methadone maintained men and their primary female partners. Aids Behav. 2011; 15(2): 347–355.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Epperson MW, Khan MR, El-Bassel N, Wu E, Gilbert L. A longitudinal study of incarceration and HIV risk among methadone maintained men and their primary female partners. Aids Behav. 2011; 15(2): 347–355.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Samuels J, La Vigne N, Taxy S. Stemming the tide: strategies to reduce the growth and cut the cost of the federal prison system. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 2013. Samuels J, La Vigne N, Taxy S. Stemming the tide: strategies to reduce the growth and cut the cost of the federal prison system. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 2013.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Comfort M, Grinstead OA, McCartney K, Bourgois P, Knight K. You can’t do nothing in this damn place: sex and intimacy among couples with an incarcerated male partner. J Sex Res. 2005; 42(1): 3–12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Comfort M, Grinstead OA, McCartney K, Bourgois P, Knight K. You can’t do nothing in this damn place: sex and intimacy among couples with an incarcerated male partner. J Sex Res. 2005; 42(1): 3–12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Maxwell JA. Qualitative research design: an interactive approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1996. Maxwell JA. Qualitative research design: an interactive approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1996.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Firestone D. Let states decide on marijuana. The New York Times. July 26 2014. Firestone D. Let states decide on marijuana. The New York Times. July 26 2014.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Clifford S, Goldstein J. Brooklyn prosecutor limits when he’ll target marijuana. NY Times. 2014; A: A19. Clifford S, Goldstein J. Brooklyn prosecutor limits when he’ll target marijuana. NY Times. 2014; A: A19.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Sledge M. California voters deal blow to prisons, drug war. The Huffington Post, New York City; 2014. Sledge M. California voters deal blow to prisons, drug war. The Huffington Post, New York City; 2014.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson C. Momentum builds in the fight against stop-and-frisk. The Nation, New York City; 2012. Thompson C. Momentum builds in the fight against stop-and-frisk. The Nation, New York City; 2012.
Metadaten
Titel
Partner Incarceration and African-American Women’s Sexual Relationships and Risk: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study
verfasst von
Hannah LF Cooper
Bethany Caruso
Terrika Barham
Venita Embry
Emily Dauria
Claire D. Clark
Megan L. Comfort
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Urban Health / Ausgabe 3/2015
Print ISSN: 1099-3460
Elektronische ISSN: 1468-2869
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-9941-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2015

Journal of Urban Health 3/2015 Zur Ausgabe