Background
Methods
Characteristic | Number of children | Percent distribution of children | Percentage of children with anemia |
---|---|---|---|
Jordan
| 740 | - | 19.3 |
Passive smoking status-1
| |||
None of parents smoke | 259 | 35.0 | 18.8 |
One of parents smoke | 423 | 57.1 | 16.5 |
Both parents smoke | 59 | 7.9 | 41.6 |
Passive smoking status-2
| |||
None of parents smoke | 259 | 35.0 | 18.8 |
Mother smoke | 68 | 9.1 | 37.8 |
Father smoke | 414 | 55.9 | 16.6 |
Child's age (months)
| |||
0–11 | 301 | 40.7 | 22.8 |
12–23 | 257 | 34.8 | 20.9 |
24–35 | 181 | 24.5 | 11.3 |
Child's sex
| |||
Boy | 392 | 52.9 | 18.7 |
Girl | 348 | 47.1 | 20.0 |
Child's birth order
| |||
1 | 124 | 16.8 | 21.7 |
2 | 123 | 16.6 | 20.3 |
3 | 150 | 20.3 | 17.7 |
4+ | 343 | 46.3 | 18.8 |
Birth weight
| |||
≥ 2,500 g | 665 | 89.9 | 18.2 |
< 2,500 g | 73 | 9.9 | 27.8 |
Breastfeeding status (months)
| |||
Never | 26 | 3.5 | 24.2 |
0–11 | 415 | 56.1 | 20.3 |
12–17 | 177 | 24.0 | 17.4 |
18–23 | 88 | 11.9 | 22.1 |
≥ 24 | 34 | 4.6 | 6.2 |
Stunted
†
| |||
Not stunted | 659 | 89.1 | 18.8 |
Moderately stunted | 41 | 5.6 | 20.9 |
Severely stunted | 10 | 1.4 | 60.4 |
Iron intake during pregnancy
| |||
Not taken | 199 | 26.9 | 17.3 |
1–2 trimesters | 437 | 59.1 | 21.6 |
3 trimesters | 100 | 13.5 | 13.8 |
Mother's anemia
| |||
No/mild | 519 | 70.1 | 17.9 |
Moderate/severe | 213 | 28.2 | 22.8 |
Mother's age at childbirth (years)
| |||
13–24 | 189 | 25.6 | 25.1 |
25–34 | 426 | 57.6 | 18.6 |
35–49 | 124 | 16.8 | 12.8 |
Mother's BMI (kg/m
2) | |||
18.5 – 24.9 | 264 | 35.6 | 19.5 |
< 18.5 | 17 | 2.3 | 39.4 |
≥ 25.0 | 459 | 62.0 | 18.5 |
Mother's education
| |||
No education | 26 | 3.5 | 26.8 |
Primary or less | 67 | 9.1 | 16.6 |
Secondary or higher | 647 | 87.5 | 19.3 |
Household wealth status
¶
| |||
Low | 250 | 33.8 | 22.5 |
Middle | 304 | 41.2 | 17.1 |
High | 186 | 25.1 | 18.6 |
Safe drinking water
$
| |||
No | 54 | 7.3 | 22.1 |
Yes | 686 | 92.7 | 19.1 |
Hygienic toilet
@
| |||
No | 97 | 13.1 | 35.9 |
Yes | 643 | 86.9 | 16.8 |
Urban/rural
| |||
Urban | 547 | 73.9 | 18.1 |
Rural | 193 | 26.1 | 22.6 |
Geographic region*
| |||
Central | 491 | 66.4 | 19.9 |
Northern | 175 | 23.7 | 18.2 |
Southern | 74 | 10.0 | 17.8 |
Ethics
Results
Association of passive smoking and anemia in young children
Odd Ratio (Significant Levels) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
Passive smoking status
| ||||
None of parents smoke†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
One of parents smoke | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.83 |
Both parents smoke | 3.08*** | 3.14*** | 3.00*** | 2.99*** |
Child's age (months)
| ||||
0–11†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
12–23 | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.63 | |
24–35 | 0.34*** | 0.37** | 0.39** | |
Child's sex
| ||||
Boy†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Girl | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.01 | |
Child's birth order
| ||||
1†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
2 | 1.00 | 1.19 | 1.19 | |
3 | 0.90 | 1.13 | 1.17 | |
4+ | 0.88 | 1.49 | 1.45 | |
Birth weight
| ||||
≥ 2,500 g†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
< 2,500 g | 1.50 | 1.63 | 1.60 | |
Breastfeeding status (months)
| ||||
Never†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
0–11 | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.40 | |
12–17 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.55 | |
18–23 | 1.23 | 0.98 | 0.80 | |
≥ 24 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.23 | |
Stunted
| ||||
Not stunted†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Moderately stunted | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.19 | |
Severely stunted | 4.87** | 5.54** | 5.29** | |
Iron intake during pregnancy
| ||||
No†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
1–2 trimesters | 1.37 | 1.36 | ||
3 trimesters | 0.73 | 0.77 | ||
Mother's anemia
| ||||
No/mild†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Moderate/severe | 1.38 | 1.49 | ||
Mother's age at childbirth (years)
| ||||
13–24†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
25–34 | 0.61 | 0.62 | ||
35–49 | 0.40* | 0.40* | ||
Mother's BMI (kg/m
2
)
| ||||
18.5 – 24.9†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
< 18.5 | 2.60 | 2.79 | ||
≥ 25.0 | 1.01 | 1.06 | ||
Mother's education
| ||||
No education†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary or less | 0.95 | 1.19 | ||
Secondary or higher | 1.20 | 1.73 | ||
Household wealth status
| ||||
Low†
| 1.00 | |||
Middle | 0.73 | |||
High | 0.98 | |||
Safe drinking water
| ||||
No†
| 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0.87 | |||
Hygienic toilet
| ||||
No†
| 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0.43*** | |||
Urban/rural
| ||||
Urban†
| 1.00 | |||
Rural | 1.00 | |||
Geographic region | ||||
Central†
| 1.00 | |||
Northern | 0.92 | |||
Southern | 0.79 | |||
Number of children
| 740 | 726 | 712 | 712 |
Odd Ratio (Significant Levels) | ||
---|---|---|
Characteristic | Unadjusted | Adjusted‡
|
Passive smoking status
| ||
None of parents smoke†
| 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mother smokes only | 0.62 | 1.18 |
Father smokes only | 0.82 | 0.82 |
Both parents only | 3.08*** | 2.99*** |
Number of children
| 740 | 712 |