Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Data collection
Respiratory failure | Pulmonary edema, Atelectasis, Pulmonary embolism, Acute respiratory distress syndrome |
Circulatory failure | Acute myocardial infarction, Arrhythmia, Prolonged shock, Cardiopulmonary arrest, Abdominal compartment syndrome |
Neuropsychiatric disorders | Diabetes insipidus, Hydrocephalus, Fat embolism, Liquorrhea, Higher brain dysfunction, Post‐traumatic stress disorder |
Gastrointestinal failure | Stress ulcer, Ileus, Acute pancreatitis, Acute liver failure |
Coagulopathy | Disseminated intravascular coagulation, Thrombocytopenia |
Osteopathy | Compartment syndrome, Re-fracture, False joint |
Pneumonia/pyothorax | Pneumonia, Pyothorax |
Other infectious diseases | Bacteremia, Sepsis, Abdominal abscess, Urinary tract infection, Infectious enteritis, Wound infection, Wound dehiscence, Bedsore, Hypothermia, Cholecystitis, Osteomyelitis, Meningitis |
Statistical analysis
Patient characteristics | (1) Age, (2) Sex |
Vital signs | (3) Systolic blood pressure, (4) Diastolic blood pressure, (5) Respiratory rate, (6) Heart rate, (7) Glasgow Coma Scale |
Mechanism of injury | (8) Traffic accident, (9) Fall injury, (10) Penetrating injury |
Pre-existing condition | (11) Cardiovascular diseases, (12) Respiratory failure, (13) Gastrointestinal diseases, (14) Metabolic diseases, (15) Neuropsychiatric disorders, (16) Immunodeficiency, (17) Cancer, (18) Chronic hemodialysis |
Abbreviated Injury Scale | (19) Head, (20) Face, (21) Neck, (22) Thorax, (23) Abdomen, (24) Spine, (25) Upper extremity, (26) Lower extremity including pelvis |
Operation | (27) Head, (28) Chest, (29) Abdomen, (30) Trans-arterial embolization, (31) Limb, (32) Other site |
Results
Study population
Age < 15 | Age:15–50 | Age > 50 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | p | Female | Male | p | Female | Male | p | |
n = 1687 | n = 3626 | n = 7597 | n = 25,070 | n = 22,759 | n = 43,963 | ||||
Age (years) | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | 31.6 ± 0.1 | 32.4 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | 74 ± 0.1 | 69.5 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
Mechanism of injury | |||||||||
Traffic accident | 852 (50.5%) | 1834 (50.6%) | 0.18 | 3969 (52.2%) | 14,824 (59.1%) | < 0.001 | 10,160 (44.6%) | 15,149 (34.5%) | < 0.001 |
Fall | 628 (37.2%) | 1286 (35.5%) | 2833 (37.3%) | 6458 (25.8%) | 11,077 (48.7%) | 24,326 (55.3%) | |||
Other | 207 (12.3%) | 506 (14%) | 795 (10.5%) | 3788 (15.1%) | 1522 (6.7%) | 4488 (10.2%) | |||
Pre-existing conditions | |||||||||
Cardiovascular | 14 (0.8%) | 31 (0.9%) | 0.926 | 159 (2.1%) | 942 (3.8%) | < 0.001 | 8584 (37.7%) | 15,188 (34.6%) | < 0.001 |
Respiratory | 76 (4.5%) | 243 (6.7%) | 0.002 | 250 (3.3%) | 988 (3.9%) | 0.009 | 750 (3.3%) | 1640 (3.7%) | 0.004 |
Gastrointestinal | 10 (0.6%) | 18 (0.5%) | 0.652 | 201 (2.7%) | 859 (3.4%) | 0.001 | 1753 (7.7%) | 4497 (10.2%) | < 0.001 |
Metabolic | 7 (0.4%) | 10 (0.3%) | 0.403 | 138 (1.8%) | 712 (2.8%) | < 0.001 | 3451 (15.2%) | 7456 (17%) | < 0.001 |
Neuropsychiatric | 57 (3.4%) | 111 (3.1%) | 0.538 | 1956 (25.8%) | 2004 (8%) | < 0.001 | 4557 (20%) | 6439 (14.7%) | < 0.001 |
Immunodeficiency | 43 (2.6%) | 101 (2.8%) | 0.621 | 242 (3.2%) | 581 (2.3%) | < 0.001 | 1472 (6.5%) | 2258 (5.1%) | < 0.001 |
Cancer | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 0.495 | 31 (0.4%) | 29 (0.1%) | < 0.001 | 530 (2.3%) | 1394 (3.2%) | < 0.001 |
Hemodialysis | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N.A | 7 (0.1%) | 29 (0.1%) | 0.588 | 413 (1.8%) | 858 (2%) | 0.22 |
sBP (mmHg) | 113.3 ± 0.6 | 117.8 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 | 115.3 ± 0.3 | 127.2 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 140.1 ± 0.3 | 139.4 ± 0.2 | 0.026 |
RR (/min) | 25.8 ± 0.2 | 25.2 ± 0.2 | 0.041 | 23.2 ± 0.1 | 23.0 ± 0.1 | 0.136 | 21.5 ± 0.0 | 21.4 ± 0.0 | 0.252 |
HR (/min) | 114.5 ± 0.8 | 107.9 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | 94.2 ± 0.3 | 91.7 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 85.4 ± 0.1 | 84.6 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
GCS | 12.4 ± 0.1 | 12.3 ± 0.1 | 0.566 | 12.0 ± 0.0 | 12.2 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 | 12.2 ± 0.0 | 12.3 ± 0.0 | 0.01 |
RTS | 7.1 ± 0.0 | 7.1 ± 0.0 | 0.487 | 7 ± 0.0 | 7.1 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 | 7.1 ± 0.0 | 7.1 ± 0.0 | 0.31 |
ISS | 22.5 ± 0.2 | 22.3 ± 0.1 | 0.379 | 26.3 ± 0.1 | 25.3 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | 23.8 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Post-traumatic complications | |||||||||
Respiratory failure | 24 (1.4%) | 52 (1.4%) | 0.974 | 214 (2.8%) | 809 (3.2%) | 0.072 | 689 (3%) | 1525 (3.5%) | 0.002 |
Circulatory failure | 23 (1.4%) | 30 (0.8%) | 0.067 | 207 (2.7%) | 605 (2.4%) | 0.127 | 895 (3.9%) | 1642 (3.7%) | 0.209 |
Neuropsychiatric disorders | 84 (5%) | 165 (4.6%) | 0.491 | 517 (6.8%) | 1685 (6.7%) | 0.798 | 1154 (5.1%) | 2728 (6.2%) | < 0.001 |
Pneumonia/pyothorax | 26 (1.5%) | 46 (1.3%) | 0.424 | 184 (2.4%) | 840 (3.4%) | < 0.001 | 758 (3.3%) | 2542 (5.8%) | < 0.001 |
Other infectious diseases | 43 (2.5%) | 41 (1.1%) | < 0.001 | 380 (5%) | 1253 (5%) | 0.989 | 1157 (5.1%) | 2543 (5.8%) | < 0.001 |
In-hospital mortality | 53 (3.1%) | 132 (3.6%) | 0.356 | 663 (8.7%) | 2148 (8.6%) | 0.665 | 3366 (14.8%) | 6477 (14.8%) | 0.858 |