Background
Methods
Study design
Participants and procedures
Data collection instruments
Data analysis
Results:
Sample characteristics
Characteristic | % (n) or M (SD), Range |
---|---|
Age in Years | 33.9 (12.3), 18–66 |
Gender Identity | |
Man | 14.3 (4) |
Woman | 10.7 (3) |
Transgender Man | 28.6 (8) |
Transgender Woman | 35.7 (10) |
Nonbinary | 10.7 (3) |
Sex Assigned at Birth | |
Male Assigned at Birth | 42.9 (12) |
Female Assigned at Birth | 57.1 (16) |
Ethnicity | |
Latinx/Hispanic | 28.6 (8) |
Not Latinx/Hispanic | 71.4 (20) |
Race | |
White | 42.9 (12) |
Black | 17.9 (5) |
Asian | 10.7 (3) |
Another Race | 10.7 (3) |
Multiracial | 17.9 (5) |
Geographic Location | |
Boston | 39.3 (11) |
New York City | 60.7 (17) |
Motivators/facilitators to participating in TGD health research
Research creating TGD community
Motivators/Facilitators | Research creating TGD community | 1. “I know there’s a lot of situations where a trans person can become like – can just be isolated, but I think research and things that can help form a sense of community and, like you said, there have been so many millions of us throughout the years in human history.” -Boston |
Research led by TGD researchers | 2. “I’ve done a few research things, and something I always appreciate is when they’re run by trans people. I had one thing where I didn’t know too much about the person that was interviewing me, and I was just, like, why is it not queer, like, not gay, not trans dude asking me all these, like, really [meaningful] questions about my transition? But then at the end, he did [say] that he was trans, and that just made me feel, like, a lot better. Because it’s like, talking about your experience.” -New York 3. “In terms of research priorities of being in research studies I feel like it’s a priority to have trans people and not just one token trans person but trans people as integral part of the research team designing it from the beginning. Like really there at every step.” -New York | |
Compensation | 4. “I was going to say, the only way to truly – to get more people would probably be to give them an incentive and to give them a gift card or something, because I get surveys all the time.” -Boston | |
Research integrated into healthcare | 5. “I think it’s great that it could just be integrated into our regular visits with primary care. We don’t have to really do anything super extra that would take up large chunks of our time, involve extra visits.” -Boston 6. “If you’d integrated it…that’s more efficient, yeah.” -Boston | |
Relatable to TGD and cisgender people | 7. “even a cis person, if you ask them about – something about how they relate to their body, it might get them thinking…Because I’ve read a lot that even with women who would consider themselves cisgender, they experience a massive amount of body dysmorphia just because of like how women – or cis women, rather, specifically, are forced to grow up and socialize and be sexualized from a young age and it creates like a really warped body image. Like, it’s something that I feel like a lot of women might not notice until you ask them about how they present themselves. And like, of course this manifests in trans women too because they’re still exposed to the same socialization.” -Boston | |
Helping the TGD community | 8. “I feel good about furthering trans-health research and trans-health equity.”” -Boston 9. “I would basically like to be going to the research studies, because it basically helps us trans people basically over time” -New York 10. “Yeah. I think research can be a form of advocacy if done correctly, and I think that anyone and everyone who participates in this study is doing their community’s a favor because I think data can be very powerful” -Boston | |
Barriers | Research and healthcare averse | 11. “I’ve never done any studies anywhere. I’ve been told – two years ago, I never really saw doctors or went to hospitals for anything, for any reason whatsoever. I’m the type that, to even get me to walk into an ER, the bone’s got to be sticking out.” -Boston |
Do not identify with being labeled at TGD | 12. “It’s complicated because it’s like good and bad at the same time. You know what I mean? But overall it’s just like – like I said there is no category for me. I don’t identify as any of that. I do but I don’t” -New York 13. “I don’t like to label myself as trans. You know what I mean? Like I don’t even like that word…can’t relate me to the community because I’m not the community. I am but I’m not. I’m just me. Don’t really identify.” -New York | |
Overlooking individuals who are not “trans enough” or missing those who are questioning | 14. “To build on that, I think maybe questioning folks may also not feel like they’re included…under the study premises even if they would be.” -Boston 15. “I would even argue that it’s important for people to identify that way or are stealth or – that data is there too. So it’s hard when you don’t want to share that and don’t identify as that but also that’s many people under the umbrella who should also be represented in some way.” -New York | |
Research from a “cis lens” | 16. “I tend to be instinctively kind of weary of trans TGD-focused things that aren’t headed at least mostly by trans people because it always feels a little bit like, “alright, so what are cis people gaining from this. Like, what is your stake in this?” And also it being led by trans people also makes me feel like there’s more of a floor to get really into the weird, granular stuff of gender experience without having –like, without the people you’re serving having to like dumb stuff down basically. At least don’t have to explain what trans means. [laughter] That’s big.” -Boston 17. “I feel like sometimes things that are meant to be more targeted towards the trans demographic sometimes kind of still feel like they have cis-people gloves on, if that makes sense. Kind of like baby talking through, and it’s like, “no, we can just talk seriously about this.”” -Boston | |
Distrust of how the research will be used/ Privacy concerns | 18. “it’s unfortunate when you’re dealing with any group of people that has been burned in the past. They just sometimes don’t trust easily. So they’re like, “Well, I’m not giving you my information.”” -New York 19. “I feel like there might be a chunk of people who don’t want anything to do with that study. Just be like, “I don’t want my information being out in the world.”” -New York 20. “people put in all these informations, and at the same time, you almost feel like it never reaches, like, people, so they can see us in a different light… So I feel like that’s maybe one of the reasons why they don’t want to participate.” -New York | |
Not accessible to the TGD community/ Unaware of research opportunities | 21. “Well, again, I’m just saying, what are we supposed to be doing, like, going to transresearch.com every single day [laughter]” -New York 22. “This was happenstance. I saw this on Facebook…I don’t know that transgender people – like, where are we supposed to hear about studies that are being conducted about our community?” -New York | |
Research that is objectifying/ exploitive | 23. “it felt like they were doing it because it’s the new hot thing and just wanted to like oh like this paper will get accepted, this is an easy project because there’s nothing about trans people so we don’t have to work too hard. And it really felt bad.” -New York 24. ““why are the results of this study so depressing?” Or like, “that’s not what I said. Why is what I said so miscommunicated in this report?” And it feels very exploitative and it feels very like we’re put under a microscope, right, as a community.” -Boston |
Research led by TGD researchers
Compensation
Research integrated into healthcare
Relatable to TGD and cisgender people
Helping TGD communities
Barriers to participating in TGD health research
Research and healthcare averse
Do not identify with being labeled as TGD
Overlooking individuals who are not “trans enough” or missing those who are questioning
Research from a “cisgender lens”
Distrust of how the research will be used/ privacy concerns
Not accessible to TGD communities/ unaware of research opportunities
Research that is objectifying/ exploitive
Best practices for recruiting and retaining TGD participants
Recruitment
Providers connecting participants to research
Recruitment | Providers connecting participants to research | 1. “I think having providers mention it would be helpful… like, “Okay, well since you’re here and you’re one of my trans patients, you might be interested in taking part in this study. Here’s a flyer.” Just kind of do it like that.” -New York 2. “What if, in terms of getting the little pop-ups in our inboxes about reminders, the providers also get little pop-ups in their inbox to remind their trans patients [of studies].” -Boston |
Going into TGD community spaces | 3. “Well, a lot of us go to a lot of organizations or groups. So if you go to different organizations that are trans-focused and go to trans groups you’re going to find trans people.” -New York 4. “But as far as getting people out I guess can also have like flyers, information at places where trans people gather. Or maybe have someone come in and describe the studies to us. And then we’ll… see the person representing…so your organization must be good” -New York | |
One-on-one contact (e.g., texts, calls, conversations) | 5. “text messages’cause a lot of people are, like, always on the phone, so they’ll see.” -New York 6. “I also like this idea like sitting in person and having a conversation like face to face asking us how we feel about it.” -New York | |
Social media to both link individuals to care and recruit participants | 7. “Because, like, if you felt that you couldn’t get enough people at Callen, some form of social media might be able to get you the non-Callen trans people of New York.” -New York | |
Multiple modalities | 8. “Having multiple form of communications. Not just Facebook or digital but also paper forms. Phone calls. Text messages.” -New York 9. “I think also like using like phone call…very important for patients who have disabilities. If you just put posters up then blind people will never know it exists. So making sure that everybody can access the information even if they’re blind or deaf or whatever the case may be.” -New York | |
Retention | Providing postage | 10. “You know, I take it if you mailed me a form, and at my convenience…Great, and the post is payed, put it in the box, that’s fine.” -Boston 11. “postage, paid, returned envelope… anyone who was remotely interested in their particular subject matter would [put] it in the mail.” -Boston |
Reminders (e.g., calls, emails, letters) | 12. “Like an e-mail blast once a month. Nothing too aggressive. Just maybe every other month or once a month.” -New York 13. “Because it’ll show us you actually care…a check-in phone call in between visits.” -New York | |
Emphasize importance of TGD research content | 14. “Compensation is great, but also just being a part of it is really great because it’s for the advancement of our lives and a legacy that we can leave behind in a way. And so, maybe just the emphasis on that at the second interval.” -Boston |
Going into TGD community spaces
One-on-one contact (e.g., texts, calls, conversations)
Social media to both link individuals to care and recruit participants
Retention
Providing postage
Reminders
Emphasize importance of TGD research content
Patient-centered TGD health research methods
Survey bias in measures
Research Methods | Survey bias in measures (e.g., quality of life scales focused on negative spectrum) | 1. “Everybody was kind of nudging at this a little bit earlier and even just now, but there is a -- there’s like a scale for depression…I fill out this thing when I come into my PCP… there’s no inverse of that, you know what I mean? There’s no elation. [laughter] And I -- when you say we’re going to measure quality of life, I want to know how happy people are, you know?” -Boston 2. “Also, the thing about that is like I always feel like every single time I have to go to a PCP, I have to -- when I hand the tablet or whatever back to the nurse, I have to head it off with like, “I know this looks like I’m severely more depressed than I am.”” -Boston |
Specimen collection as optional with consent for specific usage | 3. “at the very least say, “if we’re going to do something on it, we will come back to you and ask for that specific consent,” to say, “this is specifically what we’re going to do,” instead of being like, “take my DNA,”” -Boston 4. “it’s plasma; we’re not going to miss it much. But I guess…probably like clarity of purpose, or like communicating ideas of what you intend to do with it would probably be a better call.” -Boston 5. “about the blood collection…if you had just had it separated in two different parts, so it’s like, people that give blood and then people that don’t give blood.” -Boston | |
Interviews/focus groups as candid conversation | 6. “It was a cisgender man who identified as gay, and then me, I identify as genderfluid, and it was just, like, a candid conversation. We had never met each other, and it was us talking about health care and how we thought that things should change.” -New York | |
Disseminating research findings back to the TGD community | 7. “Right, and you’re left wondering, “what were the results of that study?”” -Boston | |
Having a diverse sample | 8. “I think other kinds of diversity is important. Not just like oh, it’s all trans people. Making sure it’s not all the same trans person. That it really represents the diversity of who we are.” -New York 9. “Well, you’d want to be able to get to multiple neighborhoods…for it to be a study that’s got meaning, you can’t be drawing from one strata, whether that means income strata, or one skin color…you’ve got to try to hit all those different rainbow colors…The people who are least likely to be able to be a part of this study are the people who you probably should want the most, in my opinion.” -Boston |