Introduction
Methods
Study design and data sources
Study population
Outcome
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Total number of individuals identified with craniosynostosis and their subtypes (n) | No. individuals admitted (n, %) | No. individuals with CS-related admissions (n, %)e | No. individuals with non-CS-related admissions (n, %)e | No. individuals with ICU-related admissions (n, %)e | No. individuals with emergency-related admissions (n, %)e | Mean hospitalizations per 1000 py (95% CI) | Annual percent change (95% CI)a | Incidence rate ratio, (95% CI)bc | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All-cause hospitalizations | Craniosynostosis-related admissions | Non-craniosynostosis-related admissions | ||||||||
Overall (322)f | 312 (97) | 269 (86) | 268 (86) | 140 (45) | 185 (59) | 521.68 (497.44, 546.79) | 8.25 (6.55, 9.97) | 13.30 (11.29, 15.35) | 6.63 (5.45, 7.84) | 2.04 (1.94, 2.14) |
Comparison cohort (554,302) | 350,531 (63) | 2,611 (7) | 350,285 (99) | 30,353 (9) | 236,228 (67) | 227.41 (226.93, 227.90) | 10.27 (9.88, 10.66) | 4.93 (3.71, 6.17) | 10.26 (9.87, 10.65) | |
Non-syndromic (188)gd | 183 (97) | 164 (89) | 152 (83) | 71 (39) | 101 (55) | 352.27 (327.21, 378.74) | 8.44 (6.64, 10.27) | 12.88 (10.19, 15.63) | 6.89 (4.94, 8.67) | 1.42 (1.31, 1.53) |
Sagittal synostosis (96) | 95 (99) | 92 (97) | 78 (82) | 42 (44) | 52 (55) | 386.23 (348.37, 427.09) | ||||
Coronal synostosis (24) | 23 (96) | 20 (87) | 18 (78) | 9 (39) | 10 (43) | 296.98 (236.54, 368.15) | ||||
Metopic synostosis (33) | 31 (94) | 24 (73) | 26 (84) | 14 (45) | 19 (61) | 405.65 (336.60, 484.70) | ||||
Lambdoid synostosis (24) | 23 (96) | 19 (79) | 21 (91) | ≤ 5 | 13 (56) | 217.00 (173.57, 267.99) | ||||
Multiple suture synostosis (10) | 10 (100) | 9 (90) | 8 (80) | ≤ 5 | 6 (60) | 522.96 (391.73, 684.04) | ||||
Syndromic (119)g | 114 (96) | 90 (76) | 103 (90) | 47 (37) | 79 (69) | 796.62 (746.50, 849.21) | 8.20 (5.54, 8.96) | 11.32 (8.91, 13.78) | 6.96 (5.36, 8.59) | 3.09 (2.89, 3.30) |
Contributing syndromes | ||||||||||
Crouzon syndrome (18) | 16 (89) | 12 (67) | 16 (89) | ≤ 5 | 12 (67) | 834.86 (713.39, 971.08) | ||||
Apert syndrome (≤ 5) | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | 1739.43 (1313.95, 2258.80) | ||||
Pfeiffer syndrome (≤ 5) | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | 0 | ≤ 5 | 416.56 (242.66, 666.95) | ||||
Muenke syndrome (7) | 7 (100) | 6 (86) | ≤ 5 | 6 (86) | ≤ 5 | 1598.88 (1157.11, 2153.67) | ||||
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (≤ 5) | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | 607.62 (396.92, 890.30) |
Trends of hospital admissions and cumulative length of stay
Patterns of hospital admissions and cumulative length of stay by age group
Age | Explanatory variables | Craniosynostosis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Non-syndromic | Syndromic | ||
Under 1 year | n infants | 322 | 188 | 119 |
Not hospitalized | 26 | 12 | 14 | |
n admitted (%) | 296 (92) | 176 (94) | 105 (88) | |
Mean hospitalizations in 1000 py | 2616.26 (2439.59, 2802.34) | 2173.32 (1966.03, 2396.51) | 3315.15 (2985.48, 3671.27) | |
Incidence rate ratio (95% CI)a | 4.28 (3.81, 4.82) | 3.41 (2.91, 4.00) | 5.60 (4.64, 6.77) | |
n (%) of individuals with craniosynostosis-related admissionsb | 229 (77) | 148 (84) | 69 (66) | |
n (%) of individuals with non-craniosynostosis-related admissionsb | 224 (76) | 125 (71) | 89 (85) | |
n (%) of individuals with ICU admissions | 120 (40) | 68 (39) | 42 (40) | |
n (%) of individuals with emergency admissions | 138 (47) | 67 (38) | 66 (63) | |
n (%) of post-operative complications | 7 (2.5) | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | |
One up to 5 years | n children | 303 | 182 | 108 |
Not hospitalized | 134 | 94 | 35 | |
n admitted (%) | 169 (56) | 88 (48) | 73 (68) | |
Mean hospitalizations in 1000 py | 493.66 (452.78, 537.23) | 270.26 (232.12, 312.88) | 893.78 (801.56, 943.71) | |
Incidence rate ratio (95% CI)a | 3.22 (2.66, 3.90) | 1.54 (1.18, 2.02) | 6.38 (4.71, 8.64) | |
n (%) of individuals with craniosynostosis-related admissionsb | 62 (37) | 26 (30) | 33 (45) | |
n (%) of individuals with non-craniosynostosis-related admissionsb | 152 (90) | 80 (91) | 66 (90) | |
n (%) of individuals with ICU admissions | 27 (16) | 9 (10) | 15 (20) | |
n (%) of individuals with emergency admissions | 91 (54) | 50 (57) | 40 (55) | |
n (%) of post-operative complications | 7 (4) | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | |
Five up to 12 years | n children | 234 | 146 | 81 |
Not hospitalized | 111 | 84 | 22 | |
n admitted (%) | 123 (52.6) | 62 (42) | 59 (73) | |
Mean hospitalizations in 1000 py | 216.08 (191.59, 242.83) | 134.16 (110.26, 161.69) | 350.97 (299.31, 408.99) | |
Incidence rate ratio (95% CI)a | 2.61 (2.02, 3.36) | 1.60 (1.13, 2.26) | 4.31 (2.87, 6.47) | |
n (%) of individuals with craniosynostosis-related admissionsb | 18 (15) | 6 (9.7) | 11 (19) | |
n (%) of individuals with non-craniosynostosis-related admissionsb | 117 (95) | 60 (97) | 55 (93) | |
n (%) of individuals with ICU admissions | 7 (5.8) | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | |
n (%) of individuals with emergency admissions | 52 (42) | 30 (48) | 21 (36) | |
n (%) of post-operative complications | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | |
12 to 21 years | n children | 143 | 89 | 54 |
Not hospitalized | 99 | 68 | 31 | |
n admitted (%) | 44 (31) | 21 (24) | 23 (43) | |
Mean hospitalizations in 1000 py | 168.40 (137.87, 203.67) | 99.83 (71.64, 135.43) | 297.11 (229.31, 378.70) | |
Incidence rate ratio (95% CI)a | 1.60 (1.13, 2.26) | 0.96 (0.60, 1.53) | 2.86 (1.67, 4.88) | |
n (%) of individuals with craniosynostosis-related admissionsb | ≤ 5 | 0 | ≤ 5 | |
n (%) of individuals with non-craniosynostosis-related admissionsb | 43 (98) | 21 (100) | 22 (96) | |
n (%) of individuals with ICU admissions | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | |
n (%) of individuals with emergency admissions | 21 (48) | 12 (57) | 9 (39) | |
n (%) of post-operative complications | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Age | Explanatory variables | Craniosynostosis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Non-syndromic | Syndromic | |||||
Up to 1 year | Number of admitted infants | 214 | 125 | 89 | |||
Cumulative length of stay [median; IQR] | 10 (6,18) | 9 (5,13) | 15 (8,30) | ||||
n (%) of individuals with ICU admissions | 33 (15) | 13 (10) | 20 (22) | ||||
n (%) of individuals with emergency admissions | 126 (59) | 63 (50) | 63 (71) | ||||
Principal diagnosis | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | |
Perinatal conditions | 83 (39) | 1.58 (1.24, 2.00) | 40 (32) | 1.14 (0.81, 1.60) | 43 (48) | 2.32 (1.66, 3.24) | |
Other congenital anomaliesa | 55 (26) | 10.81 (5.62, 20.82) | 19 (15) | 3.46 (1.48, 8.11) | 36 (40) | 27.21 (9.65, 76.74) | |
Feeding difficulties | 40 (19) | 1.61 (1.20, 2.15) | 11 (8.8) | 1.27 (0.70, 2.30) | 27 (30) | 5.95 (4.21, 8.42) | |
Eye | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Ear | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Nervous system | 17 (7.9) | 5.69 (2.59, 12.50) | ≤ 5 | – | 14 (16) | 13.08 (4.16, 41.06) | |
Sleep disorders | 6 (2.8) | 1.75 (0.62, 4.99) | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Respiratory infections | 34 (16) | 2.34 (1.45, 3.44) | 12 (9.6) | 1.12 (0.57, 2.20) | 22 (25) | 4.20 (2.29, 7.70) | |
Other infections | 16 (7.5) | 2.10 (1.20, 3.61) | 12 (9.6) | 2.72 (1.44, 5.15) | ≤ 5 | – | |
Other respiratory conditions | ≤ 5 | – | 0 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
From 1 up to 5 years | Number of admitted children | 146 | 80 | 66 | |||
Cumulative length of stay [median; IQR] | 3 (1,8) | 2 (1,6) | 5 (2,14) | ||||
n (%) of individuals with ICU admissions | 8 (5.5) | 2 (2.5) | 6 (9.1) | ||||
n (%) of individuals with emergency admissions | 89 (61) | 50 (62) | 39 (59) | ||||
Principal diagnosis | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | |
Perinatal conditions | ≤ 5 | – | 0 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Other congenital anomaliesa | 25 (17) | 6.25 (2.99, 13.06) | 6 (7.5) | 1.56 (0.49, 4.97) | 19 (29) | 14.67 (4.77, 45.05) | |
Feeding difficulties | ≤ 5 | – | 0 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Eye | 13 (8.9) | 3.86 (1.55, 9.64) | ≤ 5 | – | 8 (12) | 6.21 (1.56, 24.78) | |
Ear | 34 (23) | 2.94 (1.89, 4.56) | 12 (15) | 1.10 (0.55, 2.22) | 22 (33) | 6.19 (3.25, 11.77) | |
Oral health related | 12 (8.2) | 1.19 (0.62, 2.26) | 6 (7) | 0.84 (0.32, 2.12) | 6 (9.0) | 1.83 (0.75, 4.49) | |
Nervous system | 11 (7.5) | 2.53 (0.90, 7.11) | ≤ 5 | – | 10 (15) | 7.17 (1.65, 31.09) | |
Sleep disorders | ≤ 5 | – | 0 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Respiratory infections | 46 (31) | 2.04 (1.44, 2.90) | 23 (29) | 1.31 (0.79, 2.16) | 23 (35) | 3.34 (2.01, 5.56) | |
Other infections | 25 (17) | 2.21 (1.44, 3.39) | 15 (19) | 1.85 (1.05, 3.27) | 10 (15) | 2.84 (1.47, 5.48) | |
Other respiratory conditions | 12 (8.2) | 1.80 (0.88, 3.70) | ≤ 5 | – | 8 (12) | 4.14 (1.43, 12.01) | |
From 5 up to 12 years | Number of admitted children | 115 | 60 | 55 | |||
Cumulative length of stay [median; IQR] | 2 (1,4) | 2 (1,3.5) | 2 (1,5) | ||||
n (%) of individuals with ICU admissions | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ||||
n (%) of individuals with emergency admissions | 51 (44) | 30 (50) | 21 (38) | ||||
Principal diagnosis | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | |
Other congenital anomaliesa | 16 (14) | 6.53 (2.25, 18.92) | ≤ 5 | – | 12 (22) | 11.96 (2.26, 63.21) | |
Eye | 17 (15) | 10.87 (3.29, 35.99) | 6 (10) | 6.27 (1.29, 30.57) | 11 (20) | 19.40 (2.82, 133.59) | |
Ear | 21 (18) | 2.78 (1.37, 5.62) | ≤ 5 | – | 17 (31) | 6.91 (2.39, 19.97) | |
Oral health related | 28 (24) | 2.76 (1.75, 4.38) | 8 (13) | 1.21 (0.56, 2.62) | 20 (36) | 5.64 (3.00, 10.60) | |
Nervous system | 9 (7.8) | 2.92 (0.93, 9.13) | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Sleep disorders | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Respiratory infections | 22 (19) | 2.05 (1.32, 3.18) | 15 (25) | 1.94 (1.11, 3.40) | 7 (13) | 2.24 (1.10, 4.56) | |
Other infections | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Other respiratory conditions | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
From 12 to 21 years | Number of admitted individuals | 43 | 21 | 22 | |||
Cumulative length of stay [median; IQR] | 2 (1,3) | 2 (1,2) | 2.5 (1,7) | ||||
n (%) of individuals with ICU admissions | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ≤ 5 | ||||
n (%) of individuals with emergency admissions | 21 (49) | 12 (57) | 9 (41) | ||||
Principal diagnosis | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | n (%) | IRR (95% CI) | |
Other congenital anomaliesa | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Eye | ≤ 5 | – | 0 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Ear | ≤ 5 | – | 0 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Oral health related | 10 (23) | 1.13 (0.61, 2.11) | ≤ 5 | – | 7 (32) | 2.53 (1.21, 5.32) | |
Nervous system | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Sleep disorders | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Respiratory infections | 8 (19) | 1.94 (0.81, 4.67) | ≤ 5 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Other infections | ≤ 5 | – | 0 | – | ≤ 5 | – | |
Other respiratory conditions | ≤ 5 | – | 0 | – | ≤ 5 | – |
Factors influencing hospital admission patterns
Explanatory variables | Craniosynostosis (IRR, 95% CI) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Non-syndromic | Syndromic | |||||||
All-cause hospitalizations | CS-related | Non-CS-related | All-cause hospitalizations | CS-related | Non-CS-related | All-cause hospitalizations | CS-related | Non-CS-related | |
Gender | |||||||||
Female | 1.46 | 1.14 | 1.59 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 1.02 | 1.99 | 1.62 | 2.02 |
(1.31, 1.61)* | (0.94, 1.40) | (1.41, 1.09) | (0.77, 1.07) | (0.65, 1.16) | (0.82, 1.25) | (1.72, 2.30) | (1.18, 2.24) | (1.91, 2.38) | |
Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Indigenous status | |||||||||
Non-Indigenous | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Indigenous | 0.91 | 1.07 | 0.99 | 1.45 | 0.98 | 1.69 | 0.4 | 1.31 | 0.39 |
(0.70, 1.18) | (0.54, 2.09) | (0.74, 1.31) | (1.02, 2.06) | (0.30, 3.20) | (1.16, 2.46) | (0.25, 0.62) | (0.44, 3.86) | (0.23, 0.66) | |
Accessibility and remoteness index for Australia (ARIA) at birth | |||||||||
Major cities | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Outer regional/inner regional | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 1.03 | 0.85 | 1.14 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
(0.79, 1.08) | (0.70, 1.24) | (0.74, 1.07) | (0.76, 1.16) | (0.72, 1.47) | (0.65, 1.10) | (0.89, 1.45) | (0.43, 1.85) | (0.92, 1.58) | |
Remote/very remote | 1.11 | 1.11 | 0.98 | 1.15 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.56 | 0.95 | 1.51 |
(0.88, 1.40) | (0.73, 1.69) | (0.74, 1.30) | (0.76, 1.73) | (0.56, 2.15) | (0.62, 1.79) | (1.11, 2.17) | (0.36, 2.48) | (1.01, 2.27) | |
Index of relative socioeconomic disadvantage (IRSD) quintiles at birth (Q) | |||||||||
Q1 (≤ 20%) | 1.32 | 0.96 | 1.32 | 1.9 | 1.13 | 1.96 | 1.15 | 0.69 | 1.3 |
(1.13, 1.55)* | (0.69, 1.37) | (1.10, 1.58)* | (1.43, 2.52) | (0.71, 1.79) | (1.35, 2.83) | (0.94, 1.41) | (0.32, 1.49) | (1.04, 1.62) | |
Q2 (21–40%) | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 1.72 | 1.04 | 1.92 | 0.73 | 0.85 | 0.72 |
(0.75, 1.05) | (0.65, 1.23) | (0.73, 1.08) | (1.30, 2.28) | (0.66, 1.63) | (1.32, 2.77) | (0.57, 0.92) | (0.42, 1.73) | (0.55, 0.94) | |
Q3 (41–60%) | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 1.62 | 1.17 | 1.44 | 0.66 | 0.78 | 0.65 |
(0.78, 1.09) | (0.68, 1.28) | (0.67, 0.98) | (1.20, 2.18) | (0.74, 1.86) | (0.97, 2.14) | (0.53, 0.81) | (0.38, 1.64) | (0.52, 0.83) | |
Q4 (61–80%) | 0.81 | 1.02 | 0.68 | 1.56 | 1.14 | 1.52 | 0.64 | 0.86 | 0.58 |
(0.69, 0.96)* | (0.76, 1.37) | (0.56, 0.83) | (1.17, 2.07) | (0.74, 1.76) | (1.04, 2.22) | (0.51, 0.80) | (0.44, 1.69) | (0.45, 0.76) | |
Q5 (> 80%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Perinatal factors | |||||||||
Gestation in weeks | |||||||||
Preterm (< 37.00) | 1.66 | 1.41 | 1.75 | 1.4 | 1.02 | 1.65 | 1.62 | 1.74 | 1.56 |
(1.48, 1.87)* | (1.10, 1.81)* | (1.53, 2.00)* | (1.15, 1.70) | (0.67, 1.54) | (1.31, 2.07) | (1.36, 1.92) | (1.20, 2.53) | (1.28, 1.90) | |
Term (37.00–41.99) | Ref | Ref | Ref | – | – | – | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Post-term (≥ 42.00) | 5.76 | 2.6 | – | – | – | – | 2.4 | 2.11 | – |
(0.62, 53.83) | (0.16, 41.19) | (0.21, 25.56) | (0.03, 177.69) | ||||||
< 2500 | 1.84 | 1.43 | 1.82 | 1.35 | 0.87 | 1.38 | 2.16 | 1.64 | 2.43 |
(1.60, 2.12)* | (1.04, 1.95)* | (1.55, 2.15)* | (1.02, 1.79) | (0.49, 1.56) | (0.99, 1.93) | (1.79, 2.61) | (1.07, 2.52) | (1.95, 3.01) | |
2500–2999 | 1.4 | 1.03 | 1.53 | 1.4 | 1.05 | 1.46 | 1.51 | 0.99 | 1.6 |
(1.21, 1.63)* | (0.75, 1.40) | (1.28, 1.84)* | (1.08, 1.80) | (0.67, 1.66) | (1.06, 2.02) | (1.24, 1.85) | (0.61, 1.58) | (1.27, 1.99) | |
3000–3499 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
3500–3999 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.77 | 1.25 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 0.9 | 1.08 | 0.8 |
(0.80, 1.08) | (0.75, 1.26) | (0.64, 0.93) | (1.00, 1.55) | (0.70, 1.41) | (0.80, 1.44) | (0.71, 1.14) | (0.68, 1.70) | (0.61, 1.05) | |
> 4000 | 0.85 | 0.94 | 0.72 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 1 | 0.98 | 0.99 |
(0.71, 1.03) | (0.67, 1.30) | (0.57, 0.91) | (0.74, 1.27) | (0.57, 1.36) | (0.61, 1.22) | (0.70, 1.44) | (0.45, 2.13) | (0.65, 1.50) | |
Proportion of optimal head circumferencec | |||||||||
< 95% | 0.96 | 1.22 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.8 | 1.05 | 1.23 | 0.91 |
(0.80, 1.14) | (0.88, 1.69) | (0.70, 1.08) | (0.61, 1.14) | (0.56, 1.68) | (0.54, 1.17) | (0.83, 1.34) | (0.76, 1.99) | (0.69, 1.20) | |
≥ 95 to < 105% | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
≥ 105% | 1.06 | 1.14 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.04 | 1.5 | 1 |
(0.95, 1.20) | (0.92, 1.42) | (0.84, 1.12) | (0.88, 1.26) | (0.72, 1.35) | (0.78, 1.23) | (0.87, 1.23) | (1.03, 2.17) | (0.82, 1.21) | |
Proportion of optimal birth weight | |||||||||
< 75.00 | 1.73 | 1.29 | 1.78 | 0.98 | 1.33 | 1.1 | 1.91 | 1.26 | 2.11 |
(1.41, 2.11)* | (0.83, 2.02) | (1.41, 2.23)* | (0.64, 1.48) | (0.52, 3.41) | (0.69, 1.75) | (1.46, 2.50) | (0.67, 2.38) | (1.56, 2.85) | |
≥ 75.00 to < 85.00 | 1.06 | 0.85 | 1.28 | 0.75 | 0.8 | 0.82 | 1.35 | 1.01 | 1.63 |
(0.87, 1.30) | (0.54, 1.32) | (1.01, 1.61)* | (0.54, 1.06) | (0.44, 1.46) | (0.54, 1.26) | (1.03, 1.75) | (0.42, 2.14) | (1.21, 2.18) | |
≥ 85.00 to < 95.00 | 1.07 | 1.18 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.27 | 1.1 | 1.46 | 1.03 |
(0.92, 1.25) | (0.89, 1.57) | (0.93, 1.33) | (0.81, 1.33) | (0.69, 1.55) | (0.93, 1.73) | (0.89, 1.35) | (0.91, 2.34) | (0.81, 1.30) | |
≥ 95.00 to < 105.00 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
≥ 105.00 to < 115.00 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.9 | 0.95 | 0.87 | 0.77 | 1 |
(0.79, 1.11) | (0.64, 1.24) | (0.75, 1.12) | (0.74, 1.19) | (0.60, 1.35) | (0.71, 1.28) | (0.67, 1.13) | (0.40, 1.51) | (0.75, 1.34) | |
≥ 115.00 to < 125.00 | 1.09 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 0.76 | 0.91 | 1.1 | 0.86 |
(0.88, 1.37) | (0.70, 1.53) | (0.75, 1.30) | (0.61, 1.15) | (0.56, 1.57) | (0.51, 1.15) | (0.60, 1.38) | (0.48, 2.53) | (0.52, 1.41) | |
≥ 125.00 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 1.18 | 0.81 | 1.29 | 0.98 | 1.32 | 1.12 |
(0.81, 1.16) | (0.66, 1.26) | (0.79, 1.20) | (0.91, 1.53) | (0.53, 1.25) | (0.93, 1.79) | (0.75, 1.29) | (0.74, 2.35) | (0.81, 1.54) | |
Fetal distress | |||||||||
Absent | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Present | 1.19 | 1 | 1.29 | 0.98 | 1.11 | 0.96 | 1.08 | 0.71 | 1.2 |
(1.06, 1.32) | (0.80, 1.25) | (1.13, 1.46)* | (0.81, 1.18) | (0.82, 1.51) | (0.76, 1.22) | (0.93, 1.27) | (0.49, 1.03) | (1.01, 1.43) |