Performance of adenosine “stress-only” perfusion MRI in patients without a history of myocardial infarction: a clinical outcome study
verfasst von:
Daniel D. Lubbers, Dorine Rijlaarsdam-Hermsen, Dirkjan Kuijpers, Marjan Kerkhof, Paul E. Sijens, Paul R. M. van Dijkman, Matthijs Oudkerk
To assess the diagnostic value of adenosine “stress-only” myocardial perfusion MR for ischemia detection as an indicator for coronary angiography in patients without a prior myocardial infarction and a necessity to exclude ischemia. Adenosine perfusion MRI was performed at 1.5 T in 139 patients with a suspicion of ischemia and no prior myocardial infarction. After 3 min of adenosine infusion a perfusion sequence was started. Patients with a perfusion defect were referred to coronary angiography (CAG). Patients with a normal perfusion were enrolled in follow-up. Fourteen out of 139 patients (10.1%) had a perfusion defect indicative of ischemia. These patients underwent a coronary angiogram, which showed complete agreement with the perfusion images. 125 patients with a normal myocardial perfusion entered follow-up (median 672 days, range 333–1287 days). In the first year of follow-up one Major Adverse Coronary Event (MACE) occurred and one patient had new onset chest pain with a confirmed coronary stenosis. Reaching a negative predictive value for MACE of 99.2% and for any coronary event of 98.4%. At 2 year follow-up no additional MACE occurred. Sensitivity of adenosine perfusion MR for MACE is 93.3% and specificity and positive predictive value are 100%. Adenosine myocardial perfusion MR for the detection of myocardial ischemia in a “stress-only” protocol in patients without prior myocardial infarctions, has a high diagnostic accuracy. This fast examination can play an important role in the evaluation of patients without prior myocardial infarctions and a necessity to exclude ischemia.
Hinweise
D. D. Lubbers and D. Rijlaarsdam-Hermsen contributed equally to the manuscript.
Introduction
Adenosine “stress” MR myocardial perfusion imaging has a proven high sensitivity and negative predictive value for the detection of myocardial ischemia [1‐12]. High diagnostic accuracies are reached in patient groups with relatively high prevalence of disease in studies combining rest-stress perfusion and delayed contrast enhancement. For the subgroup of patients with a history of myocardial infarction these elaborate protocols or different stress MR imaging methods are probably most appropriate. In relatively lower risk patients, those without known myocardial infarction, less comprehensive protocols may be sufficient to guide further work-up and therapy choice. In lower-risk patient groups examined by adenosine “stress-only” perfusion MR imaging the number of purely diagnostic Coronary angiographies (CAG’s) might thus be reduced, which would be important because CAG is an invasive test with a risk of complications and relatively expensive. Furthermore, taking into account that PCI with stent implantation is not harmless, invasive treatment should only be reserved for those patients with objectified myocardial ischemia [13, 14]. A non-invasive imaging technique such as an appropriately designed MR protocol, can be used as an indicator to determine which patients need to be directed to coronary angiography. With the routine implementation of adenosine perfusion MR still lagging behind, we sought to tailor a protocol designed for a specific population.
Directing the patient to the proper MR stress perfusion test or protocol, could yield diagnostic gain and time savings allowing analysis of larger patient groups.
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In this study, the prognosis after a negative adenosine perfusion MR examination and the diagnostic accuracy of adenosine “stress”myocardial perfusion MR were examined in a stress-only approach, in patients without prior myocardial infarction and a clinical necessity to exclude myocardial ischemia.
Methods
Patient population
150 consecutive patients referred between January 2005 to April 2006 from the outpatient clinic of the department of Cardiology for an adenosine perfusion MR, were included. Eleven patients were not enrolled in the final study population due to a history of myocardial infarction (3 patients), use of vasoactive medication during adenosine (2 patients), moving out of the country with loss of follow-up (3 patients) and refused consent (3 patients). The final study population therefore consisted of 139 prospectively enrolled patients. The study was approved by the medical ethical board. Pre-test likelihood of these patients was determined according to a classification for chronic stable chest pain by Gibbons et al. [15]. Patients who could not be determined according to this classification were stratified with a calcium score (22 patients, mean calcium score 220 (±322)) or considered to be at intermediate risk (for example rhythm abnormalities). Patients with a calciumscore >90th percentile were considered to be at intermediate risk. Furthermore the percentage of patients with: hypertension, diabetes, smoking history, positive family history for coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypercholesterolemia and summary values on age, gender distribution, body weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) are displayed in Table 1.
Table 1
Demographic and hemodynamic data
Variable
Mean or %
Age, years, mean
60.7 ± 10.5
Male (%)
54
Body mass index, kg, mean
26.3 ± 3.9
Hypercholesterolaemia (%)
86.1
Hypertension (%)
46.3
Diabetes (%)
14.9
Current smokers (%)
18.8
Former smokers (%)
44.2
Positive family history (%)
52.1
Pre-test likelihood
Very low (%)
2.2
Low (%)
19.4
Intermediate (%)
55.4
High (%)
23.0
Resting diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean
83.1 ± 10.2
Diastolic blood pressure under adenosine, mmHg, mean
87.6 ± 10.0
Resting systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean
153.3 ± 25.2
Systolic blood pressure under adenosine, mmHg, mean
146.4 ± 23.1
Resting heart rate, bpm, mean
76.6 ± 16.0
Heart rate under adenosine, bpm, mean
88.5 ± 17.5
Values are expressed as mean ± SD, range or percentage
Patients with a perfusion defect were referred for CAG. Patients with a normal adenosine perfusion examination had clinical follow-up for at least 1 year.
Adenosine perfusion MR
All anti-anginal medication was stopped 4 days before the adenosine perfusion MR examination. Xhantine containing products like coffee, tea, chocolate, cola had to be stopped 24 h prior to the examination. Dypiridamol had to be stopped or was considered a contra-indication. Scanning was performed at 1.5 T using a magnetom Avanto MRI system (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). After the patient was positioned on the scanning table, intravenous access was established via an anticubital vein. Vector ECG monitoring leads, a 12 channel phased-array surface coil covering the heart, and a brachial blood pressure cuff were applied. A single lead ECG signal was continuously monitored on the MRI-console. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were recorded at baseline and during adenosine infusion.
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After 3 min of adenosine infusion (0.140 mg/kg/min) during the first pass of 0.1 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine with a flow rate of 5 ml/s flushed with 15 ml 0.9% NaCL (flow rate 5 ml/s) a noselective saturation recovery perfusion sequence, with high SNR, CNR and inline display was started (typical parameters): TrueFisp: TR, 150.5/163.1 ms (single heart beat temporal resolution); TE 1.03 ms; TI 100/103 ms; α 45/50°; FOV 300 × 300; slice-thickness 6 mm; matrix 76 × 128; iPAT 2. Acquisition of three short-axis slices. Typical inplane resolution 2.5 × 2.5 mm. During the examination a radiologist and a cardiologist were present in the MR suite, to monitor the condition of the patient and to evaluate the images immediately. Total duration of the protocol was approximately 15 min.
Image analysis
Perfusion series were visually analysed by an experienced radiologist and cardiologist in consensus, using a 16 segment model [16]. A perfusion abnormality in at least two segments at consecutive planes of the left ventricle or one segment of the most apical slice, was used as an indication for CAG. Patients with a perfusion defect were examined by CAG within 3 weeks.
Analysis of the coronary angiograms was performed by an experienced cardiologist, blinded to the MR results. A significant coronary lesion was defined as a narrowing of >50%. The decision for a PCI or CABG was made in regular consultation with cardiac surgeons and interventional cardiologists.
Follow-up
Follow-up was completed in October 2008. The status of the patient was determined by review of the hospital records, contacting the patient’s general physician or by a questionnaire after informed consent. Reported clinical events were confirmed by contact with the treating hospital. The date of the hospital visit, last visit to the general physician or the date of returning the questionnaire was used to calculate follow-up time.
Patients were observed for occurrence of MACE (Major Adverse Cardiac Events) and MACE including coronary artery revascularization after objectified ischemia as composite end point and classified as composite MACE. Occurrence of noncardiac mortality was documented: such cases were censored for MACE evaluation at the time of death.
Primary outcome
The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of an adenosine “stress-only” perfusion MR examination in patients without a prior myocardial infarction as a clinical indicator for coronary angiography and to determine the prognosis after a normal adenosine perfusion MR examination. Confirmation of the adenosine perfusion MR results was done by detection of a significant coronary stenosis on CAG or with at least 1 year follow-up in case of a normal adenosine perfusion MR examination.
Statistics
Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values were calculated, with confidence intervals. Baseline characteristics are given as mean or median with standard deviation or range for continuous variables and as number (%) for categorical variables.
Results
139 consecutive patients entered the study. Mean age 60.7 ± 10.5, 54% male. Demographic and hemodynamic data are listed in Table 1. During adenosine perfusion MR no major adverse reactions were seen in this patient group.
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Fourteen out of 139 patients (10.1%) had a perfusion abnormality indicative for myocardial ischemia, Fig. 1. Corresponding CAG displayed in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1
Mid-ventricular short-axis single frame with perfusion defect in the distribution area of the LCX
Fig. 2
Corresponding LCX stenosis on CAG
×
×
On a per patient basis significant coronary artery disease was demonstrated by CAG in all fourteen patients, followed by revascularization in 10 patients (1 CABG, 9 PCI, in 4 patients revascularization was not feasible).
The 125 patients with a negative (normal) adenosine perfusion MR examination were followed up for a median period of 672 days (range 333–1,287 days). There was one MACE during the first follow-up year (0.8%) due to an acute coronary syndrome complicated by ventricular fibrillation, 12 months after the adenosine perfusion MR examination. There was one case of new onset chest pain 10 months after the adenosine perfusion MR examination with subsequent stent implantation, giving a composite MACE rate of 1.6%. Both patients had a low-pre-test likelihood.
In the second follow-up year two additional revascularizations were performed (17 and 18 months after the adenosine perfusion MR and no additional MACE.
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Diagnostic values for sensitivity are 93.3% (CI: 0.68–0.99), specificity 100% (CI: 0.97–1.00), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) 99.2 (CI: 0.96–1.00), and Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of 100% (CI: 0.77–1.00). Only 6 out of 32 patients (18.8%) with a high pre-test likelihood had a positive adenosine perfusion MR examination.
Distribution of the pre-test likelihood of significant coronary artery disease is presented in Table 1.
Discussion
Main results of this study are that prognosis after a negative adenosine perfusion MR examination is good in this patient group and justifies conservative treatment rather than performing an invasive examination. Second, comparison between positive adenosine perfusion MR examinations and CAG is good on a per patient basis, and could be used in the pre-selection of patients to be examined by coronary angiography.
Diagnostic performances reported of adenosine perfusion MR studies, vary widely depending on the pulse-sequence, contrast dose, the modality used as a reference standard, the studied patient population and the used protocol. Besides this, coronary artery disease is a progressive disease, which to some extent explains the relative late occurrence of MACE or composite MACE after a negative adenosine perfusion MR in the few patients in this study. Results should in this regard also be seen as ongoing disease and not by definition as a false negative examination.
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For a visual, qualitative approach to adenosine perfusion MR, one needs an imaging protocol approach. A good, but extensive approach has been proposed by Klem et al. [7]. Starting analysis with delayed contrast imaging, followed by rest and stress perfusion images. For a specific population without prior myocardial infarction we propose an imaging strategy that focuses on the adenosine stress perfusion MR series, to answer the question if there is a need for coronary angiography. In a relatively lower prevalence population the adenosine perfusion MR examination can exclude myocardial ischemia in a large group of patients with a normal adenosine “stress-only” perfusion examination, saving considerable imaging time and thus allowing analysis of larger patient groups. The importance of this study is underlined by a recent assessment by Nandalur et al. [17] that relatively little knowledge is available on the use of stress perfusion imaging in lower pre-test probability groups such as in patients without prior myocardial infarction.
CAG, an invasive, expensive test with a risk of complications, can in this strategy be reserved for patients with objectified ischemia. In this way adenosine perfusion MR can be used to reduce the number of pure diagnostic CAG’s.
The few long-term follow-up studies published so far [1, 12, 18], found good prognosis for a negative adenosine perfusion MR examinations, results we can confirm with our study in this patient group. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to assess the long term follow-up of an adenosine “stress-only” approach.
Different imaging modalities can serve as a gatekeeper for further invasive examinations. Exercise ECG testing results are less accurate than believed. A meta-analysis of 147 published reports with in total 24,074 patients reports a mean sensitivity of exercise ecg-testing of 68% and a mean specificity of 77% [15]. Diagnostic accuracy is even lower when the test is performed only in patients without a previous myocardial infarction.
Nuclear imaging modalities play an important role in many centers and a lot of experience and validation is present, but they do have some important drawbacks regarding limited spatial and temporal resolution, attenuation artefacts and the use of radiation. All issues that can be overcome with adenosine perfusion MR, but for MR to be able to compete with nuclear and other stress imaging modalities, imaging time needs to be short, images easily interpretable and protocols optimised for the patient population, taking into account the presence of a prior myocardial infarction, and the need for assessment of viable myocardium. On indication a rest perfusion MR examination or delayed contrast enhancement can be performed. The optimal population for an adenosine perfusion MR examination is in our opinion found in the patient group without a prior myocardial infarction. For patients with a prior myocardial infarction viability imaging may also be required.
Diagnostic performance of dobutamine stress MR examinations in this respect has shown good results, with a good long term prognosis [18‐20]. Assessment of viability can be performed in the same examination in a functional way, without increasing imaging time significantly and may be more reliable than quantification of scar tissue [21]. In a patient group without prior myocardial infarction absence of myocardial ischemia can be determined with a normal, homogeneous, adenosine perfusion MR serie, with an imaging time of only 15 min.
Some earlier studies have reported moderately high specificities, due to the fact that perfusion MR was not able to discriminate between perfusion defects caused by ischemia or other causes [2, 10]. Specificity is probably also high in this study probably due to examining patients without a prior history of myocardial infarction and the use of clear set reading criteria [16].
The use of CAG as a reference standard might be a limitation, because CAG may be a “flawed”gold standard. CAG fails to account for the effect of diffuse disease, length of diseased segments and serial stenoses, and the functional effects in terms of perfusion for the myocardium [22]. Higher levels of diagnostic accuracy are observed when adenosine perfusion MR was compared with PET [23] or FFR measurements as the reference standard [24, 25]. Current clinical practice regarding risk stratification and therapy guidance is however directed by the CAG, which makes it a clinically relevant reference standard.
Rather than performing a quantitative analysis, we optimized the imaging protocol for a robust, visual approach. This can be regarded as a limitation, but previous studies have shown that quantitative and qualitative, visual assessment of myocardial perfusion to have similar good correlations with CAG [23, 26, 27]. Delayed contrast enhancement imaging or rest perfusion imaging was not routinely performed. This may provide additional valuable diagnostic information, but mostly in a post-infarct setting. This might therefore be regarded as a limitation, but was a choice made for a broad application of adenosine perfusion MR in a specific population in which we doubt that it is of additional value. Prior myocardial infarction, as stated earlier, was used as an exclusion criterion in this study.
Conclusions
Adenosine perfusion MR, in a “stress”-only approach has a high diagnostic accuracy and may have a distinct clinical role in patients without previous myocardial infarctions as an examination which can reliably determine the necessity for coronary angiography in a total protocol time of only 15 min.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Bernadette Blom and colleagues for image acquisition and Stella Noach for critically reviewing the paper and Dr. J. Frederiks for analysing the CAG’s.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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