Background
Methods
Participants and procedure
Assessment of prevalence of PNE and reasons and goals for intake
Assessment of prevalence of PNE
Assessment of reasons and goals for PNE
Questionnaires to assess the ability to recover from stress, perceived stress and related psychological resilience factors
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) [40]
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) [42]
Short Scale for Measuring General Self-efficacy Beliefs (ASKU) [44]
Short Scale for the Assessment of Locus of Control (IE) [45]
Optimism-Pessimism-2 Scale (SOP-2) [46]
Statistical analyses
Results
Sample characteristics
Any medication or drug (n = 435) | Non-User (n = 686) | p-value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighteda | Unweighted | Weighteda | Unweighted | ||||||
% (n) | 95% CI | % (n) | % (n) | 95% CI | % (n) | ||||
min | max | min | max | ||||||
Age | 47.7 (17.7) | 46.0 | 49.3 | 48.0 (17.6) | 53.4 (18.1) | 52.0 | 54.8 | 52.9 (17.9) | 0.01 |
Gender | 0.06 | ||||||||
Male | 51.7 (225) | 47.0 | 56.4 | 49.9 (217) | 46.0 (316) | 42.3 | 49.7 | 45.9 (315) | |
Female | 48.3 (210) | 43.6 | 53.0 | 50.1 (218) | 54.0 (371) | 50.3 | 57.7 | 54.1 (372) | |
Education | 0.82 | ||||||||
No formal degree | 1.4 (6) | 0.3 | 2.5 | 1.2 (5) | 1.6 (11) | 0.7 | 2.6 | 1.3 (9) | |
Secondary modern schoolb | 31.3 (133) | 26.9 | 35.7 | 24.4 (104) | 33.2 (227) | 29.7 | 36.8 | 26.1 (178) | |
Middle schoolc | 30.4 (129) | 25.9 | 34.7 | 31.5 (134) | 30.9 (211) | 27.4 | 34.4 | 31.2 (213) | |
University-entrance diplomad | 17.7 (75) | 14.0 | 21.3 | 23.7 (101) | 17.7 (121) | 14.9 | 20.6 | 22.9 (156) | |
University degree | 19.3 (82) | 15.5 | 23.1 | 19.2 (82) | 16.5 (113) | 13.8 | 19.3 | 18.5 (126) | |
Current or last professional position | 0.23 | ||||||||
No employment yet | 5.3 (23) | 3.2 | 7.4 | 5.8 (25) | 4.5 (31) | 3.0 | 6.1 | 5.0 (34) | |
Skilled worker | 14.4 (62) | 11.1 | 17.7 | 14.4 (62) | 14.2 (97) | 11.6 | 16.8 | 13.5 (92) | |
Executive employee | 10.7 (46) | 7.7 | 13.6 | 10.9 (47) | 14.2 (97) | 11.6 | 16.8 | 14.5 (99) | |
Non-executive employee | 43.3 (187) | 38.6 | 48.0 | 42.1 (182) | 44.0 (300) | 40.3 | 47.7 | 43.4 (296) | |
Civil servants | 5.6 (24) | 3.4 | 7.7 | 6.7 (29) | 6.5 (44) | 4.6 | 8.3 | 7.6 (52) | |
Self-employed | 6.0 (26) | 3.8 | 8.3 | 6.5 (28) | 3.4 (23) | 2.0 | 4.7 | 3.7 (25) | |
Other | 14.8 (64) | 11.5 | 18.2 | 13.7 (59) | 13.2 (90) | 10.7 | 15.7 | 12.3 (84) | |
Shift work | 0.14 | ||||||||
Yes | 15.4 (44) | 11.2 | 19.6 | 15.5 (44) | 20.0 (75) | 15.9 | 24.0 | 19.7 (74) | |
No | 84.6 (241) | 80.4 | 88.8 | 84.5 (240) | 80.0 (301) | 76.0 | 84.1 | 80.3 (302) | |
Weekly working hours | 0.73 | ||||||||
Currently not working | 34.0 (147) | 29.6 | 38.5 | 34.0 (147) | 44.8 (307) | 41.1 | 48.5 | 44.8 (307) | |
< 20 h | 6.7 (19) | 3.8 | 9.6 | 6.3 (18) | 4.3 (16) | 2.2 | 6.4 | 4.3 (16) | |
20–29 | 8.8 (25) | 5.45 | 12.1 | 8.5 (24) | 9.9 (37) | 6.9 | 13.0 | 9.4 (35) | |
30–40 | 50.5 (144) | 44.2 | 56.3 | 50.4 (143) | 50.4 (188) | 45.3 | 55.5 | 49.9 (186) | |
41–50 | 24.9 (71) | 19.9 | 29.9 | 25.4 (72) | 25.7 (96) | 21.3 | 30.2 | 26.5 (99) | |
> 50 | 9.1 (26) | 5.8 | 12.5 | 9.5 (27) | 9.7 (36) | 6.7 | 12.7 | 9.9 (37) | |
Size place of residence (inhabitants) | 0.01 | ||||||||
< 2.000 | 7.8 (34) | 5.3 | 10.3 | 6.9 (30) | 8.3 (57) | 6.2 | 10.4 | 6.6 (45) | |
2.000–20.000 | 29.7 (129) | 25.4 | 34.0 | 29.2 (127) | 37.3 (256) | 33.7 | 40.9 | 34.5 (237) | |
20.000–100.000 | 25.8 (112) | 21.6 | 29.9 | 26.9 (117) | 28.7 (197) | 25.3 | 32.1 | 31.7 (218) | |
> 100.000 | 36.8 (160) | 32.3 | 41.3 | 37.0 (161) | 36.8 (176) | 32.3 | 41.3 | 27.2 (187) | |
Soft enhancer intake | 0.01 | ||||||||
yes | 86.3 (372) | 83.1 | 89.6 | 86.3 (372) | 49.5 (334) | 45.7 | 53.3 | 50.4 (341) | |
no | 13.7 (59) | 6.6 | 20.8 | 13.7 (59) | 50.5 (341) | 46.7 | 54.3 | 49.6 (336) |
Prevalence rates for the use of substances for PNE
Substance group / Single substancesa | nb | Lifetime %c (n) | Last year %c (n) | Last month %c (n) | Last week %c (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stimulating prescription drugs | 1115 |
4.3 (48)
|
2.2 (25)
|
0.8 (9)
|
0.3 (4)
|
Prescription drug containing amphetamines | 1112 | 1.7 (19) | 0.8 (9) | 0.3 (4) | – |
Methylphenidate | 1110 | 2.2 (25) | 1.1 (12) | 0.3 (3) | 0.1 (1) |
Anti-dementia drug | 1110 | 1.0 (11) | 0.6 (6) | 0.2 (2) | 0.2 (2) |
Modafinil | 1.107 | 0.4 (4) | 0.1 (1) | 0.1 (1) | 0.1 (1) |
Stimulating illicit drugs | 1118 |
10.2 (114)
|
3.8 (42)
|
1.3 (14)
|
0.6 (6)
|
Cocaine | 1114 | 6.1 (68) | 1.9 (21) | 0.3 (4) | 0.1 (1) |
Amphetamines | 1115 | 6.9 (77) | 2.5 (28) | 0.8 (9) | 0.3 (4) |
Meth-Amphetamines | 1111 | 2.0 (22) | 0.6 (6) | 0.1 (1) | 0.1 (1) |
Mood modulating prescription drugs | 1110 | 20.3 (225) |
10.6 (118)
|
5.9 (66)
|
5.6 (62)
|
Anti-depressant | 1096 | 8.5 (93) | 4.0 (44) | 1.6 (18) | 1.5 (16) |
Beta blocker | 1080 | 8.5 (92) | 5.2 (56) | 4.1 (45) | 4.0 (43) |
Benzodiazepines | 1088 | 8.9 (98) | 3.5 (38) | 0.9 (10) | 0.7 (8) |
Cannabis | 1109 |
23.4 (260)
|
8.6 (94)
|
3.7 (40)
|
2.8 (30)
|
Any medication or drug | 1121 | 38.8 (435) | 19.1 (214) | 10.1 (113) | 8.5 (95) |
Reasons and goals for PNE
Stress, the ability to recover from stress and resilience factors in users and non-users of substances for PNE
Stress, the ability to recover from stress and resilience factors as factors explaining substance use for PNE
Variables | step 1a | step 6a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (SE)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
|
VIF
|
Coeff. (SE)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
|
R
2b
| |
BRS | −.43 (.18) | .65 (.46–.93) | .02 | 2.02 | −.48 (.14) | .62 (.47–.81) | <.001 | .36 |
PSS-4 | −.12 (.18) | .88 (.63–1.25) | .48 | 1.77 | – | – | – | |
SOP-2 | −.09 (.17) | .91 (.65–1.28) | .60 | 1.70 | – | – | – | |
ASKU | .04 (.20) | 1.04 (.71–1.52) | .84 | 1.72 | – | – | – | |
IE-I | .09 (.18) | 1.09 (.77–1.55) | .63 | 1.63 | – | – | – | |
IE-E | .27 (.18) | 1.31 (.92–1.86) | .14 | 1.60 | – | – | – | |
Sex: | ||||||||
Male | Reference | 1.15 | Reference | |||||
Female | −.31 (.29) | .73 (.42–1.29) | .28 | – | – | – | ||
Age | .54 (.20) | 1.72 (1.16–2.55) | .01 | 1.11 | .53 (.20) | 1.70 (1.15–2.50) | .01 | |
Education: | ||||||||
No formal degree | Reference | 1.11 | Reference | |||||
Secondary modern school | −.73 (1.45) | .48 (.028–8.29) | .61 | – | – | – | ||
Middle school | −.17 (.35) | .84 (.42–.1.69) | .63 | – | – | – | ||
University-entrance diploma | −.16 (.42) | .85 (.38–1.93) | .70 | – | – | – | ||
University degree | −.17 (.45) | .84 (.35–2.02) | .70 | – | – | – | ||
Current or last professional position: | ||||||||
Skilled worker | Reference | 1.05 | Reference | |||||
Executive employee | .12 (.57) | 1.13 (.37–3.44) | .83 | – | – | – | ||
Non-executive employee | .46 (.46) | 1.58 (.64–3.92) | .32 | – | – | – | ||
Civil servants | −.33 (.77) | .72 (.16–.3.24) | .67 | – | – | – | ||
Self-employed | .78 (.64) | 2.17 (.62–7.63) | .23 | – | – | – | ||
Other | .13 (.57) | 1.14 (.37–3.46) | .82 | – | – | – | ||
Place of residence: | ||||||||
North Rhine-Westphalia | Reference | 1.07 | Reference | |||||
Hamburg | .55 (.78) | 1.73 (.37–7.98) | .48 | – | – | – | ||
Lower Saxony | .09 (.50) | 1.09 (.41–2.90) | .85 | – | – | – | ||
Bremen | .47 (1.77) | 1.60 (.05–51.41) | .79 | – | – | – | ||
Schleswig Holstein | .27 (.71) | 1.32 (.33–5.24) | .70 | – | – | – | ||
Hesse | −.24 (.56) | .78 (.26–2.35) | .78 | – | – | – | ||
Rhineland-Palatine | .30 (.68) | 1.35 (.36–5.07) | .66 | – | – | – | ||
Baden-Wuerttemberg | .16 (.43) | 1.17 (.50–2.75) | .71 | – | – | – | ||
Bavaria | −.13 (.43) | .88 (.38–2.03) | .77 | – | – | – | ||
Saarland | −.1.73 (1.49) | .18 (.01–3.30) | .25 | – | – | – | ||
Berlin | −.56 (.78) | .57 (.12–2.63) | .47 | – | – | – | ||
Brandenburg | 1.18 (.76) | 3.24 (.71–14.81) | .13 | – | – | – | ||
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | – | – | – | |
Saxony | −1.07 (.77) | .35 (.08–1.56) | .17 | – | – | – | ||
Saxony-Anhalt | −1.25 (.89) | .29 (.05–1.65) | .16 | – | – | – | ||
Thuringia | −2.69 (1.34) | .07 (.005–.94) | .05 | – | – | – | ||
Soft enhancer intake: | ||||||||
No | Reference | 1.06 | Reference | |||||
Yes | 2.29 (.35) | 9.89 (5.02–19.51) | <.001 | 2.25 (.34) | 9.49 (4.86–18.52) | .62 |
Variables | step 1a | step 6a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (SE)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
|
VIF
|
Coeff. (SE)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
|
R
2b
| |
BRS | −.14 (.24) | .87 (.55–1.40) | .57 | 1.99 | – | – | – | .45 |
PSS-4 | −.01 (.23) | 1.00 (.64–1.55) | .99 | 1.79 | – | – | – | |
SOP-2 | −.34 (.21) | .71 (.48–1.07) | .10 | 1.72 | −.46 (.16) | .63 (.47–.86) | <.01 | |
ASKU | −.11 (.25) | .89 (.55–1.45) | .65 | 1.71 | – | – | – | |
IE-I | .07 (.22) | 1.07 (.69–1.66) | .77 | 1.61 | – | – | – | |
IE-E | .13 (.24) | 1.13 (.71–1.80) | .60 | 1.63 | – | – | – | |
Sex: | ||||||||
Male | Reference | 1.14 | Reference | |||||
Female | −1.17 (.36) | .31 (.15–.63) | .001 | − 1.11 (.35) | .33 (.17–.66) | <.01 | ||
Age | −.90 (.26) | .41 (.24–.68) | .001 | 1.19 | −.92 (.26) | .40 (.24–.66) | <.001 | |
Education: | ||||||||
No formal degree | Reference | 1.15 | Reference | |||||
Secondary modern school | 2.80 (1.24) | 16.48 (1.45–187.61) | .02 | 2.65 (1.22) | 14.09 (1.30–152.86) | .3 | ||
Middle school | −.12 (.43) | .89 (.38–2.07) | .78 | – | – | – | ||
University-entrance diploma | −.62 (.51) | .54 (.20–1.45) | .22 | – | – | – | ||
University degree | −.85 (.66) | .43 (.12–1.57) | .20 | – | – | – | ||
Current or last professional position: | ||||||||
Skilled worker | Reference | 1.06 | Reference | |||||
Executive employee | −.07 (.71) | .93 (.23–3.70) | .92 | – | – | – | ||
Non-executive employee | .73 (.51) | 2.07 (.76–5.63) | .15 | – | – | – | ||
Civil servants | −.07 (1.08) | .93 (.22–7.74) | .95 | – | – | – | ||
Self-employed | .78 (.84) | 2.17 (.42–11.2) | .35 | – | – | – | ||
Other | .39 (.61) | 1.47 (.44–4.89) | .53 | – | – | – | ||
Place of residence: | ||||||||
North Rhine-Westphalia | Reference | 1.10 | Reference | |||||
Hamburg | 2.20 (.95) | 9.00 (1.39–58.06) | .02 | 2.14 (.94) | 8.53 (1.37–53.35) | .02 | ||
Lower Saxony | −.11 (.749 | .89 (.21–3.83) | .89 | – | – | – | ||
Bremen | 3.35 (1.46) | 28.36 (1.64–491.68) | .02 | 3.22 (1.43) | 25.08 (1.53–411.61) | .02 | ||
Schleswig Holstein | −.37 (1.10) | .69 (.08–5.91) | .74 | – | – | – | ||
Hesse | 1.00 (.62) | 2.72 (.80–9.23) | .11 | – | – | – | ||
Rhineland-Palatine | .82 (1.00) | 2.27 (.32–16.04) | .41 | – | – | – | ||
Baden-Wuerttemberg | .66 (.56) | 1.93 (.64–5.79) | .24 | – | – | – | ||
Bavaria | .004 (.612) | 1.00 (.30–3.33) | .99 | – | – | – | ||
Saarland | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
Berlin | 1.66 (7.43) | 5.28 (1.23–22.66) | .03 | 1.53 (.73) | 4.62 (1.11–19.27) | .04 | ||
Brandenburg | 2.04 (1.13) | 7.71 (.84–70.71) | .07 | – | – | – | ||
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | .86 (.86) | 2.36 (.44–12.83) | .32 | – | – | – | ||
Saxony | .62 (.77) | 1.85 (.41–8.36) | .32 | – | – | – | ||
Saxony-Anhalt | −1.43 (1.42) | .24 (.02–3.89) | .31 | – | – | – | ||
Thuringia | .02 (1.16) | 1.02 (.11–9.9) | .99 | – | – | – | ||
Soft enhancer intake: | ||||||||
No | Reference | 1.12 | Reference | |||||
Yes | 3.02 (.60) | 20.39 (6.35–65.52) | <.001 | 3.03 (.60) | 20.73 (6.46–66.47) | <.001 |
Variables | step 1a | step 6a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (SE)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
|
VIF
|
Coeff. (SE)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
|
R
2b
| |
BRS | −.13 (.16) | .88 (.64–1.21) | .44 | 1.96 | – | – | – | .33 |
PSS-4 | −.06 (.15) | .94 (.70–1.27) | .68 | 1.75 | – | – | – | |
SOP-2 | −.14 (.15) | .87 (.66–1.16) | .34 | 1.68 | −.31 (.11) | .74 (.59–.92) | .01 | |
ASKU | −.11 (.17) | .89 (.64–1.25) | .51 | 1.73 | – | – | – | |
IE-I | −.12 (.15) | .89 (.66–1.12) | .44 | 1.65 | – | – | – | |
IE-E | .14 (.15) | 1.15 (.86–1.54) | .34 | 1.54 | – | – | – | |
Sex: | ||||||||
Male | Reference | 1.11 | Reference | |||||
Female | −.67 (.24) | .51 (.32–.82) | .51 | −.63 (.23) | .53 (.34–.84) | .01 | ||
Age | −.69 (.17) | .50 (.36–.70). | <.001 | 1.14 | −.68 (.17) | .50 (.36–.70) | <.001 | |
Education: | ||||||||
No formal degree | Reference | 1.16 | Reference | |||||
Secondary modern school | 1.68 (.96) | 5.38 (.81–35.62) | .08 | – | – | – | ||
Middle school | −.02 (.32) | .99 (.53–1.82) | .96 | – | – | – | ||
University-entrance diploma | −.14 (.37) | .87 (.42–1.80) | .71 | – | – | – | ||
University degree | .60 (.39) | 1.82 (.85–3.90) | .12 | – | – | – | ||
Current or last professional position: | ||||||||
Skilled worker | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Executive employee | −.49 (.47) | .61 (.24–1.53) | .29 | 1.05 | – | – | – | |
Non-executive employee | .05 (.36) | 1.05 (.52–2.14) | .89 | – | – | – | ||
Civil servants | −.10 (.59) | .91 (.29–2.88) | .87 | – | – | – | ||
Self-employed | −.29 (.60) | .75 (.23–2.43) | .63 | – | – | – | ||
Other | .15 (.43) | 1.16 (.50–2.70) | .73 | – | – | – | ||
Place of residence: | ||||||||
North Rhine-Westphalia | Reference | 1.05 | Reference | |||||
Hamburg | .94 (.69) | 2.56 (.67–9.77) | .17 | – | – | – | ||
Lower Saxony | .01 (.45) | 1.01 (.42–2.43) | .98 | – | – | – | ||
Bremen | .29 (1.15) | 1.34 (.14–12.60) | .80 | – | – | – | ||
Schleswig Holstein | .01 (.71) | 1.01 (.25–4.07) | .99 | – | – | – | ||
Hesse | .71 (.43) | 2.04 (.87–4.74) | .10 | – | – | – | ||
Rhineland-Palatine | 1.11 (.59) | 3.04 (.95–9.74) | .06 | – | – | – | ||
Baden-Wuerttemberg | .66 (.39) | 1.92 (.89–4.15) | .10 | – | – | – | ||
Bavaria | .34 (.38) | 1.40 (.67–2.95) | .37 | – | – | – | ||
Saarland | −1.62 (1.06) | .20 (.03–1.58) | .13 | – | – | – | ||
Berlin | .62 (.55) | 1.86 (.63–5.49) | .26 | – | – | – | ||
Brandenburg | 1.63 (.72) | 5.10 (1.24–20.92) | .03 | – | – | – | ||
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | .31 (.73) | 1.36 (.32–5.72) | .68 | – | – | – | ||
Saxony | −.03 (.55) | 1.03 (.35–3.00) | .96 | – | – | – | ||
Saxony-Anhalt | −1.87 (1.03) | .16 (.02–1.17) | .07 | – | – | – | ||
Thuringia | −.17 (.74) | .84 (.20–3.61) | .82 | – | – | – | ||
Soft enhancer intake: | ||||||||
No | Reference | 1.09 | Reference | |||||
Yes | 1.79 (.26) | 5.96 (3.55–10.01) | <.001 | 1.80 (.26) | 6.05 (3.63–10.08) | <.001 |
Variables | step 1a | step 6a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (SE)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
|
VIF
|
Coeff. (SE)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p
|
R
2b
| |
BRS | −.72 (.42) | .49 (.21–1.12) | .09 | 2.11 | – | – | – | .45 |
PSS-4 | .78 (.43) | 2.19 (.95–5.05) | .07 | 1.75 | 1.05 (.33) | 2.86 (1.49–5.46) | <.01 | |
SOP-2 | .01 (.38) | 1.00 (.48–2.13) | .98 | 1.76 | – | – | – | |
ASKU | .07 (.5) | 1.07 (.40–2.82) | .90 | 1.76 | – | – | – | |
IE-I | .18 (.43) | 1.19 (.52–2.74) | .68 | 1.66 | – | – | – | |
IE-E | −.16 (.38) | .86 (.40–1.81) | .68 | 1.60 | – | – | – | |
Sex: | ||||||||
Male | Reference | 1.15 | Reference | |||||
Female | −.15 (.60) | .86 (.27–2.76) | .80 | – | – | – | ||
Age | −.89 (.47) | .41 (.17–1.03) | .06 | 1.21 | .53 (.20) | 1.70 (1.15–2.50) | <.01 | |
Education: | ||||||||
No formal degree | Reference | 1.11 | Reference | |||||
Secondary modern school | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | – | – | – | ||
Middle school | −1.21 (.83) | .30 (.06–1.53) | .15 | – | – | – | ||
University-entrance diploma | .07 (.81) | 1.08 (.22–5.28). | .93 | – | – | – | ||
University degree | −.61 (1.09) | .54 (.06–4.61) | .57 | – | – | – | ||
Current or last professional position: | ||||||||
Skilled worker | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Executive employee | 2.16 (1.25) | 8.69 (.75–100.30) | .08 | 1.05 | – | – | – | |
Non-executive employee | 1.00 (1.15) | 2.72 (.29–25.62) | .38 | – | – | – | ||
Civil servants | 1.78 (1.75) | 5.92 (.19–181.33) | .31 | – | – | – | ||
Self-employed | 2.74 (1.41) | 15.44 (.98–242.95) | .05 | – | – | – | ||
Other | 1.76 (1.42) | 5.81 (.36–94.30) | .22 | – | – | – | ||
Place of residence: | ||||||||
North Rhine-Westphalia | Reference | 1.10 | Reference | |||||
Hamburg | .07 (1.55) | 1.07 (0.05–22.47) | .96 | – | – | – | ||
Lower Saxony | −1.67 (1.59) | .19 (.01–4.26) | .29 | – | – | – | ||
Bremen | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | – | – | – | ||
Schleswig Holstein | .17 (1.53) | 1.18 (.06–23.60) | .91 | – | – | – | ||
Hesse | .10 (1.09) | 1.10 (.13–9.27) | .93 | – | – | – | ||
Rhineland-Palatine | .70 (1.38) | 2.01 (.13–30.15) | .61 | – | – | – | ||
Baden-Wuerttemberg | .51 (.86) | 1.66 (.31–9.03) | .56 | – | – | – | ||
Bavaria | −.61 (.97) | .54 (.08–3.63) | .53 | – | – | – | ||
Saarland | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | – | – | – | ||
Berlin | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | – | – | – | ||
Brandenburg | 1.389 (2.18 | 3.98 (.06–286.58) | .53 | – | – | – | ||
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | – | – | – | ||
Saxony | −.09 (1.23) | .92 (.08–10.23) | .94 | – | – | – | ||
Saxony-Anhalt | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | – | – | – | ||
Thuringia | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | −2.62 (1.32) | .07 (.01–.97) | .05 | ||
Soft enhancer intake: | ||||||||
No | Reference | 1.09 | Reference | |||||
Yes | 2.63 (1.12) | 13.83 (1.55–123.54) | .02 | 2.25 (.34) | 9.49 (4.86–18.52) | <.001 |