nach oben

Journal of Genetic Counseling

Erschienen in:

01.06.2007 | Original Paper

Picking a Frame for Communicating About Genetics: Stigmas or Challenges

verfasst von: Rachel A. Smith

Erschienen in: Journal of Genetic Counseling | Ausgabe 3/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Currently, one may describe awareness of genomics as limited, but growing in the US. Although awareness is limited, the US public expresses great concern that genomics could result in stigmatization and discrimination (Reproductive genetic testing: What America thinks. Washington, DC: Genetics and Public Policy Center, 2004). This situation provides a rare opportunity to think carefully about how to design communication to a general public in ways that galvanize positive sentiments around genomics instead of stimulate stigmas. This manuscript provides a synthesis of communication theories relevant to framing genomics in stigma and challenge formats, the details necessary to understand what such messages look like, and an illustration of the two frames. Many people in different roles are engaging in these conversations in many different contexts. Through the growing exposure and interest in genomics, the opportunity to proactively script messages to form beliefs and attitudes about genomics, instead of managing pre-existing ones, may disappear quickly.

American Stroke Association (Producer). (2005). Early stroke response [Television Public Service Announcement]. (Available from the American Stroke Association, National Center, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX, 75231).

Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1981). Conceptual Approaches to Stereotypes and Stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (p. 16), New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Bates, B. R. (2005). Public culture and public understanding of genetics: A focus group study. Public Understanding of Sci, 14, 47–65.CrossRef

Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., & Lickel, B. (2000). Stigma, threat, and social interactions. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 307–333). New York: Guilford Press.

Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Pers Soc Psychol, 17, 475–482.CrossRef

Brown, L., Macintyre, K., & Trujillo, L. (2003). Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: what have we learned? AIDS Educ Prev, 15, 49–69.PubMedCrossRef

Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behav Sci, 3, 14–25.CrossRef

Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and public good. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cappella, J. N., Lerman, G., & Kang, Y. (2006). Genetic information in news: Deterministic and probabilistic frames about genetic susceptibilities to smoking addiction and disease. Paper presented at the annual International Communication Association meeting in Dresden, Germany.

Cogent Research. (2005). Cogent syndicated genomics attitudes & trends: 2005. Cambridge, MA: Cogent Research.

Condit, C. M. (1999). How the public understands genetics: Non-deterministic and non-discriminatory interpretations of the ‘blueprint’ metaphor. Public Understanding of Sci, 8, 169–180.CrossRef

Condit, C. M., Dubriwny, T., Lynch, J., & Parrott, R. (2004). Lay people's understanding of and preference against the word “mutation.” Am J Med Genet, 130A, 245–250.CrossRefPubMed

Corcoran, C., Malaspina, D., & Hercher, L. (2005). Prodromal interventions for schizophrenia vulnerability: The risks of being “at risk.” Schizophrenia Research, 73, 173–184.PubMedCrossRef

Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to ‘prejudice.’ J Pers Soc Psychol, 88, 770–789.PubMedCrossRef

Cox, S. M., & Starzomski, R. C. (2004). Genes and geneticization? The social construction of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. New Genet Soc, 23, 137–166.PubMedCrossRef

Deaux, K., Reid, A., Mizrahi, K., & Ethier, K. A. (1995). Parameters of social identity. J Pers Soc Psychol, 68, 280–291.CrossRef

Denayer, L., Evers-Kiebooms, G., Deboeck, K., et al. (1992). Reproductive decision-making of aunts and uncles of a child with cystic-fibrosis—genetic risk perception and attitudes toward carrier identification and prenatal-diagnosis. Am J Med Genet, 44, 104–111.PubMedCrossRef

DeTurck, M. A. (2002). Persuasive effects of product warning labels. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), Persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 213–232). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., & Harrison, K. (1999). The problem of us versus them and AIDS stigma. Am Behav Sci, 42, 1212–1228.CrossRef

Dovidio, J., Major, B., & Crocker, J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction and overview. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 1–28). New York: Guilford Press.

Entman, R. (1991). Framing U.S. coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents. J Commun, 41, 6–27.CrossRef

Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. J Commun, 43, 51–58.CrossRef

Fanos, J. H., & Johnson, J. P. (1995). Barriers to carrier testing for adult cystic-fibrosis sibs—the importance of not knowing. Am J Med Genet, 59, 85–91.PubMedCrossRef

Fiske, D. W., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. J Appl Soc Psychol, 30, 407–429.CrossRef

Frable, D. E. (1993). Dimensions of marginality: Distinctions among those who are different. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 19, 370–380.CrossRef

Gamson, W. A. (1992). Talking politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Genetics and Public Policy Center. (2004). Reproductive genetic testing: What America thinks. Washington, DC: Genetics & Public Policy Center.

Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Gollust, S. E., Hull, S. C., & Wilfond, B. S. (2002). Limitations of direct-to-consumer advertising for clinical genetic testing. JAMA, 288, 1762–1767.PubMedCrossRef

Haidt, J., McCauley, C. R., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Pers Individ Differences, 16, 701–713.CrossRef

Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychol Rev, 103, 336–355.PubMedCrossRef

Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Commun Theor, 16, 7–30.CrossRef

Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Jankovic, J. (2001). Tourette's syndrome. New Engl J Med, 345, 1184–1193.PubMedCrossRef

Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Jones, E., & Davis, K. (1965). From acts to dispositions: the attribution process in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 220–266). New York: Academic Press.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. Am Psychol, 39, 341–350.CrossRef

Kenen, R., Ardern-Jones, A., & Eeles, R. (2005). “Social separation” among women under 40 years of age diagnosed with breast cancer and carrying a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. J Genetic Counsel, 15, 149–162.CrossRef

Kitzinger, J., & Reilly, J. (1997). The rise and fall of risk reporting: Media coverage of human genetics research, ‘false memory syndrome’ and ‘mad cow disease.’ Eur J Commun, 12, 319–350.CrossRef

Lanie, A. D., Jayaratne, T. E., Sheldon, J. P., Kardia, S. L. R., Anderson, E. S., Feldbaum, M., & Petty, E. M. (2004). Exploring the public understanding of basic genetic concepts. J Genetic Counsel, 13, 305–320.CrossRef

Lawson, K. L. (2003). Perceptions of deservedness of social aid as a function of prenatal diagnostic testing. J Appl Soc Psychol, 33, 76–90.CrossRef

Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev Sociol, 27, 363–385.CrossRef

Link, B. G., Yang, L., Phelan, J. C., & Collins, P. Y. (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophr Bull, 30, 511–542.PubMed

Lobb, E. A., Butow, P. N., Moore, A., Barratt, A., Tucker, K., Gaff, C., Kirk, J., Dudding, T., & Butt, D. (2006). Development of a communication aid to facilitate risk communication in consultations with unaffected women from high risk breast cancer families: A pilot study. J Genetic Counsel, 15, 393–405.CrossRef

Looy, H. (2004). Embodied and embedded morality: Divinity, identity, and disgust. Zygon, 39, 219–235.CrossRef

Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2002). From prejudice to intergroup relations: Differentiated reactions to social groups. New York: Psychology Press.

Manusov, V., & Milstein, T. (2005). Interpreting nonverbal behavior: Representation and transformation frames in Israeli and Palestinian media coverage of the 1993 Rabin-Arafat handshake. West J Commun, 69, 183–201.CrossRef

Marteau, T. M., & Drake, H. (1995). Attributions for disability—The influence of genetic screening. Soc Sci Med, 40, 1127–1132.PubMedCrossRef

Mehta, S. I., & Farina, A. (1997). Is being ‘sick’ really better? Effect of the disease view of mental disorder on stigma. J Soc Clin Psychol, 16, 405–419.

Meiser, B., Mitchell, P. B., McGirr, H., Van Herten, M., & Schofield, P. R. (2005). Implications of genetic risk information in families with a high density of bipolar disorder: An exploratory study. Soc Sci Med, 60, 109–118.PubMedCrossRef

Mercer, L., Creighton, S., Holden, J. J. A., & Lewis, M. E. S. (2006). Parental perspectives on the causes of an autism spectrum disorder in their children. J Genetic Counsel, 15(1), 41–50.CrossRef

Misra, L. M., & Pai, A. (1998). Genetic counseling in India: Challenges, barriers, and progress. Perspect Genetic Counsel, 20, 1–12.

Morone, J. A. (1997). Enemies of the people: the moral dimension to public health. J Health Polit, Policy Law, 22, 993–1020.

Mosk, M. (2004, October 13). Schaefer faults AIDS patients: MD official defends proposed registry. The Washington Post, B01.

Myers, M. F., Chang, M., Jorgensen, C., Whitworth, W., Kassim, S., Litch, J. A., Armstrong, L., Bernhardt, B., Faucett, W. A., Irwin, D., Mouchawar, J., & Bradley, L. A. (2006). Genetic testing for susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer: Evaluating the impact of a direct-to-consumer marketing campaign on physicians’ knowledge and practices. Genetic Med, 8, 361–270.CrossRef

Neuberg, S. L., Smith, D. M., & Asher, T. (2000). Why people stigmatize: Toward a biocultural framework. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 31–61). New York: Guilford Press.

Nielsen Media Research. (2005). Nielsen television index ranking report for 11/07/2005–11/13/2005. New York: Nielsen Media Research.

Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Pol Commun, 10, 55–76.CrossRef

Parrot, R., Silk, K., Weiner, J., Condit, C., Harris, T., & Bernhardt, J. (2003). Deriving lay models of uncertainty about genes’ role in illness causation to guide communication about human genetics. J Commun, 54, 105–122.CrossRef

Phelan, J. C. (2005). Geneticization of deviant behavior and consequences for stigma: The case of mental illness. J Health Soc Behav, 46, 307–322.PubMed

Rapport, F., Iredale, R., Jones, W., Sivell, S., Edwards, A., Gray, J., & Elwyn, G. (2006). Decision aids for familial breast cancer: Exploring women's views using focus groups. Health Expectations, 9, 232–244.PubMedCrossRef

Reese, S., Gandy, O., & Grant, A. (Eds.). (2001). Framing public life. Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.

Rhee, J. W. (1997). Strategy and issue frames in election campaign coverage: A social cognitive account of framing effects. J Commun, 47, 26–48.CrossRef

Roberts, L. W., Warner, T. D., Geppert, C. M. A., Rogers, M., & Hammond, K. A. G. (2005). Employees’ perspectives on ethically important aspects of genetic research participation: A pilot study. Compr Psychiatry, 46, 27–33.PubMedCrossRef

Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., & Fazio, R. H. (1992). On the orienting value of attitudes: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object's attraction of visual attention. J Pers Soc Psychol, 63, 198–211.PubMedCrossRef

Shah, D. V., Domke, D., & Wackman, D. B. (1996). ‘To thine own self be true:’ Values, framing and voter decision-making strategies. Commun Res, 23, 509–560.CrossRef

Shiloh, S. (2006). Illness representations, self-regulation, and genetic counseling: A theoretical review. J Genetic Counsel, 15, 325–337.CrossRef

Shiloh, S., Rashuk-Rosenthal, D., & Benyamini, Y. (2002). Illness attributions: their structure and associations with other illness cognitions and perceptions of control. J Behav Med, 25, 373–394.PubMedCrossRef

Smith, R. A., & Miller, W. (2007). Media depictions of health topics: Challenge and stigma formats. J Health Commun, 12(3).

Smith, R. A., Han, S., & Miller, W. (2006). Blighted evacuees or wrathful storms: Investigating stigma and challenge frames in newspaper articles. Paper presented at the annual International Communication Association meeting in Dresden, Germany.

Tajfel, H. (1959). Quantitative judgement in social perception. Br J Psychol, 50, 16–29.PubMed

Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: Free Press.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453–458.PubMedCrossRef

Wiener, L. S., Battles, H. B., & Heilman, N. (2000). Public disclosure of child's HIV infection: Impact on children and families. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 12, 485–497.CrossRef

Witte, K., Meyer, G., & Martell, D. (2001). Effective health risk messages: A step-by-step guide. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Wong, J. G., & Lieh-Mak, F. (2001). Genetic discrimination and mental illness: a case report. J Med Ethics, 27, 393–397.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Picking a Frame for Communicating About Genetics: Stigmas or Challenges
verfasst von: Rachel A. Smith
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2007
Verlag: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Erschienen in: Journal of Genetic Counseling / Ausgabe 3/2007
Print ISSN: 1059-7700
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3599
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-006-9075-y

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Picking a Frame for Communicating About Genetics: Stigmas or Challenges

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Bei RSV-Impfung vor 60. Lebensjahr über Off-Label-Gebrauch aufklären!

Update Gynäkologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2007

Clinical Characterization and Risk Profile of Individuals Seeking Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast Cancer in Brazil

When You Care Enough to Do Your Very Best: Genetic Counselor Experiences of Compassion Fatigue

Using Adult Learning Theory Concepts to Address Barriers to Cancer Genetic Risk Assessment in the African American Community

Inherited Thrombophilia: Key Points for Genetic Counseling

Development and Pilot Testing of Two Decision Aids for Individuals Considering Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk

Are You Really Listening? Keys to Successful Communication

Neu im Fachgebiet Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Bei RSV-Impfung vor 60. Lebensjahr über Off-Label-Gebrauch aufklären!

Update Gynäkologie