Background
Methods
Study sites
Malaria parasite samples
Location | Surveys | Method | Pf | Pv | Pm | Po | Pf and Pv | Total positive | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myanmar | PCD | Microscopy | 128 | 253 | 1 | 0 | 34 | 416 (28.3%) | 1472 |
PCR | 136 | 257 | 3 | 2 | 63 | 461 (31.3%) | |||
CSS | Microscopy | 4 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 20 (1.9%) | 1049 | |
PCR | 8 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 (2.9%) | |||
ACD | Microscopy | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.3%) | 77 | |
PCR | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.3%) | |||
Yunnan | PCD | RDT | 18 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 61 (59.2%) | 103 |
PCR | 17 | 47 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 69 (67.0%) |
Screening for Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp
Molecular characterization of P. malariae and P. ovale isolates
Sequence analysis
Results
Malaria case detection under the PCD and ACD efforts
Case number | Age | Sex | Microscopy | RDT | PCR | Axillary temperature | Parasite densityc
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asexual | Gametocytes | |||||||
M0500214a
| 27 | M | – | – |
P. ovale
| 40.0 | – | – |
M0102751a
| 7 | M | – | – |
P. ovale
| 38.6 | – | – |
C0100511b
| 33 | M | Pv | Pv |
P. ovale
| 38.9 | 800 | 400 |
M0N00648a
| 30 | M | Pm | ND |
P. malariae
| 38.0 | 880 | 40 |
M0N00556a
| 11 | F | Pv | ND |
P. malariae
| 39.5 | 2120 | 4800 |
M0N00290a
| 29 | M | Pv | ND |
P. malariae
| 36.0 | 80 | 1600 |
C0400117b
| 22 | M | Pv | Pv |
P. malariae
| 40.5 | 400 | 160 |
Confirmation of P. malariae and P. ovale cases
Plasmodium ovale subtype characterization
Diversity of the MSP-1 genes
The dhfr-ts genes from P. malariae and P. ovale isolates
P. falciparum
|
A16
|
C50
|
N51
| M55 | K56 | Y57 | F58 |
C59
| A60 | T62 | T63 |
S108
| L131 | K155 | F162 |
I164
| Y226 | K341 | 3D7 Reference |
P. falciparum
|
V
|
R
|
I
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
R
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
N/T
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
L
|
–
|
–
| Mutant type [51] |
P. vivax
|
I13
| C49 | N50 | M54 | K55 | Y56 |
F57
|
S58
| S59 |
T61
| T62 |
S117
| L140 | K164 | F171 |
I173
| Y235 | K357 | Pv_Sal-1 |
P. vivax
|
L
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
L/T
|
R
|
–
|
M
|
–
|
N
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
L
|
–
|
–
| Mutant type [51] |
Po. curtisi
|
A15
|
Y49
|
N50
| I54 | S55 | Y56 |
F57
|
S58
| S59 |
T61
| T62 |
S113
| L136 | K160 | F167 |
I169
| Y231 | K370 | KP050405 [52] |
Po. curtisi
|
S
| – | – | – | – | – | – |
R
| – |
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
| KP050408 [52] |
Po. wallikeri
| A15 | C49 | N50 | I54 | S55 | Y56 | F57 | S58 | S59 | T61 | T62 | S113 | L136 | K160 | F167 | I169 | Y231 | K374 | KP050406 [52] ] |
Po. wallikeri
| – | – | – | – | – | C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | EU266605 [12] |
Po. wallikeri
| – | – | – | – | – | – | L | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | KP050409 [52] |
C0100511 | Y | N | I | S | Y | F | S | S | T | T | S | L | K | F | I | Y | K | China (KX672038) | |
M0102751 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | A | C | – | – | – | – | H | E | Myanmar (KX672039) | |
M0500214 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | T | C | – | – | – | – | Y | K | Myanmar (KX672037) | |
P. malariae
|
A15
|
S49
|
N50
| M54 | K55 | Y56 |
F57
|
S58
| S59 |
T61
| T62 |
S114
| L137 | K161 | F168 |
I170
| F232 | K355 | EF188271, Pm3 [44] |
P. malariae
| – | – |
K
| – | E | – | – |
R
| A | – |
–
|
N/G
| – | S | S |
M
|
–
|
–
| |
C0400117 | S | N | M | K | Y | F | S | S | T | T | S | L | K | F | I | F | K | China (KX672042) | |
M0N00290 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Myanmar (KX672043) | |
M0N00556 | A | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Myanmar (KX672041) |
M0N00648 | A | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | P | R | – | – | – | – | Myanmar (KX672040) |