Introduction
Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress symptoms
Quality of life, growth and psychopathology
Quality of life, growth, psychopathology and post-migration stress
The present study
AIMS
Method
Participants
Procedures and ethics
Measures
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographic and pre-migration characteristics
Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depressive symptoms, and quality of life
Post-migration stress factors
Outpatients | ||
---|---|---|
N | % | |
Background
| ||
Gender (male/female) | 32/23 | 58.2/41.8 |
Age groups
| ||
<30 | 7 | 12.7 |
31-45 | 29 | 52.7 |
>45 | 19 | 34.5 |
Marital status
| ||
Single | 10 | 18.2 |
Married | 32 | 58.2 |
Divorced | 13 | 23.6 |
Having children | 42 | 76.4 |
Nationality of origin
| ||
Eastern Europe | 22 | 40.0 |
Africa | 9 | 16.4 |
Middle East | 14 | 25.5 |
Far East | 7 | 12.7 |
Latin America | 3 | 5.5 |
Religion
| ||
Christian | 9 | 16.4 |
Muslim | 35 | 63.6 |
Other | 2 | 3.6 |
No religion | 9 | 16.4 |
Pre-migration*
| ||
Number of types of trauma (M SD) | 9.9 | 2.6 |
Exposure to war | 42 | 76.4 |
Captivity | 31 | 56.4 |
Assault with weapon | 43 | 78.2 |
Physical assault | 48 | 87.3 |
Severe human suffering | 49 | 89.1 |
Post-migration
| ||
Years in Norway¹
| ||
≤10 years | 9 | 16.7 |
>10 years | 45 | 83.3 |
Time since trauma (M SD) | 17.5 | 9.6 |
Speaking Norwegian medium-very good (self-evaluation) | 49 | 90.7 |
Education²
| ||
<12 years | 21 | 38.2 |
12 years | 9 | 16.4 |
> 12 years | 23 | 41.8 |
Employment³ | ||
Employed | 13 | 25.0 |
Partly employed | 8 | 15.4 |
Not employed | 31 | 59.6 |
Diagnostic groups
| ||
Affective disorders § | 44 | 80 |
Anxiety disorders §§ | 52 | 94.5 |
Substance use disorders §§§ | 7 | 12.7 |
Eating disorders §§§§ | 3 | 5.5 |
Psychotic disorders §§§§§ | 1 | 1.8 |
Bivariate correlations among variables of interest
Variables | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | X | XI | XII | XIII | XIV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I Age | - | -.282* | .251 | .208 | -.095 | -.231 | .212 | .264 | .-.238 | -.127 | -.135 | .096 | -.143 | -.119 |
II Gender | -.082 | .014 | -.041 | .193 | -.272* | -.122 | .083 | .165 | .077 | -.162 | .235 | .038 | ||
III Weak social network | .450** | .192 | .-468*** | .346* | .500*** | -.351** | -.532*** | -.611*** | -.558*** | -.392** | -.072 | |||
IV Poor social integrationa | .278* | -.250 | .378** | .528*** | -.319* | -.365** | -.477*** | −396** | .-376** | −0.93 | ||||
V Unemployment | -.252 | .140 | .229 | -.343* | -.312* | -.369** | -.384** | -.194 | -.111 | |||||
VI PTGI-SF | -.352** | -.465*** | .508*** | .582*** | .411** | .489*** | .467*** | .415** | ||||||
VII IES-R | .694*** | -.452** | -.529*** | -.453** | -.382** | -.654*** | -.341* | |||||||
VIII HSCL-25-Depresion | -.587*** | −583*** | −542*** | -.508*** | -.699*** | -.320* | ||||||||
IX Physical | .732*** | .464*** | .481*** | .615*** | .565*** | |||||||||
X Psychological | .542*** | .530*** | .710*** | .476*** | ||||||||||
XI Social | .621*** | .387** | .070 | |||||||||||
XII Environmental | .477*** | .326* | ||||||||||||
XIII Overall QoL | .672*** | |||||||||||||
XIV Overall health | - | |||||||||||||
N | 55 | 55 | 54 | 55 | 52 | 55 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 54 |
M | 42.01 | - | 8.00 | 10.20 | - | 22.58 | 51.74 | 2.71 | 9.15 | 9.48 | 10.93 | 10.71 | 2.40 | 2.13 |
SD | 9.14 | - | 2.91 | 2.56 | - | 10.03 | 17.08 | 0.64 | 2.37 | 2.51 | 3.09 | 2.43 | 0.89 | 0.95 |
Range | 40 | - | 11 | 12 | - | 39 | 73 | 2.27 | 10.86 | 10.67 | 12 | 11 | 3 | 4 |
Regression analyses for quality of life, depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic growth and unemployment
Criterion | Gender | HSCL-25-D | IES-R | PTGI-SF | Unemployment |
F
| R² adj. | 95%CI |
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WHOQOL-Bref DOM 1 | −0.120 | −0.272 | −0.172 | 0.373** | −0.188 | 10.184 | 0.479 | 0.04, 16.22 | p<0.001 |
WHOQOL-Bref DOM 2 | −0.062 | −0.306* | −0.190 | 0.392*** | −0.126 | 12.620 | 0.537 | 9.18, 16.37 | p<0.001 |
WHOQOL-Bref DOM 3 | 0.018 | −0.432* | −0.031 | 0.140 | −0.196 | 5.644 | 0.317 | 11.21, 21.41 | p<0.001 |
WHOQOL-Bref DOM 4 | −0.263* | −0.328* | −0.042 | 0.332** | −0.247* | 8.604 | 0.432 | 11.28, 18.86 | p<0.001 |
WHOQOL-Bref physical | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 4 | |||||||||
B | 95%CI | BETA | B | 95%CI | BETA | B | 95%CI | BETA | B | 95%CI | BETA | |
HSCL-25-D | −2.205³ | −3.07, -1.35 | −0.593 | −1.773² | −2.96, -0.58 | −0.477 | −1.18¹ | −2.33, -0.03 | −0.317 | −0.935 | −2.06, 0.19 | −0.251 |
IES-R | −0.024 | −0.07, 0.22 | −0.168 | −0.018 | −0.06, 0.03 | −0.123 | −0.022 | −0.06, 0.02 | −0.153 | |||
PTGI-SF | 0.093² | 0.04, 0.15 | 0.395 | 0.085² | 0.03, 0.14 | 0.361 | ||||||
Unemployment | 0.651¹ | 0.05, 1.25 | 0.232 | |||||||||
R square | 0.352 | 0.366 | 0.484 | 0.533 | ||||||||
R square change | 0.352 | 0.014³ | 0.118³ | 0.049³ | ||||||||
WHOQOL-Bref psychological
| ||||||||||||
HSCL-25-D | −2.547³ | −3.41, -1.68 | −0.645 | −1.975² | −3.16, -0.78 | −0.500 | −1.321¹ | −2.44, -0.20 | −0.334 | −1.115¹ | −2.23, -0.01 | −0.282 |
IES-R | −0.032 | −0.08, 0.01 | −0.209 | −0.025 | −0.07, 0.02 | −0.162 | −0.029 | −0.07, 0.01 | −0.186 | |||
PTGI-SF | 0.102³ | 0.05, 0.16 | 0.409 | 0.096³ | 0.04, 0.15 | 0.383 | ||||||
Unemployment | 0.549 | −0.04, 1.14 | 0.184 | |||||||||
R square | 0.415 | 0.438 | 0.565 | 0.596 | ||||||||
R square change | 0.415 | 0.023³ | 0.127³ | 0.031³ | ||||||||
WHOQOL-Bref social
| ||||||||||||
HSCL-25-D | −2.623³ | −3.71, -1.53 | −0.568 | −2.495² | −4.02, -0.97 | −0.541 | −2.146² | −3.74, -0.55 | −0.465 | −1.856¹ | −3.45, -0.27 | −0.402 |
IES-R | −0.007 | −0.07, 0.05 | −0.243 | −0.003 | −0.06, 0.06 | −0.019 | −0.008 | −0.07, 0.05 | −0.047 | |||
PTGI-SF | 0.055 | −0.03, 0.13 | 0.187 | 0.045 | −0.03, 0.12 | 0.155 | ||||||
Unemployment | 0.771 | −0.07, 1.62 | 0.222 | |||||||||
R square | 0.323 | 0.324 | 0.350 | 0.395 | ||||||||
R square change | 0.323 | 0.001³ | 0.026³ | 0.045³ | ||||||||
WHOQOL-Bref environmental
| ||||||||||||
HSCL-25-D | −1.983³ | −2.90, -1.07 | −0.527 | −2.013² | −3.30, -0.73 | −0.535 | −1.492¹ | −2.77, -0.21 | −0.397 | −1.204 | −2.46, 0.05 | −0.320 |
IES-R | 0.002 | −0.04, 0.05 | 0.011 | 0.007 | −0.04, 0.06 | 0.050 | 0.002 | −0.04, 0.05 | 0.016 | |||
PTGI-SF | 0.082¹ | 0.02, 0.15 | 0.342 | 0.072¹ | 0.01, 0.13 | 0.303 | ||||||
Unemployment | 0.768¹ | 1,43 | 0.271 | |||||||||
R square | 0.278 | 0.278 | 0.367 | 0.433 | ||||||||
R square change | 0.278 | 0.000³ | 0.089³ | 0.066³ |