Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Measurement instruments
Data collection and quality control
Definition of covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
The level of ADL and IADL in different age groups
Age-group (year) | ADL (mean ± SD) | IADL (mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|
65–69 | 92.51 ± 16.37 | 7.10 ± 1.77 |
70–74 | 90.30 ± 18.18 | 6.88 ± 1.88 |
75–79 | 87.20 ± 20.71 | 6.50 ± 2.16 |
80–84 | 82.27 ± 23.90 | 6.02 ± 2.31 |
85 and above | 76.27 ± 27.42 | 4.96 ± 2.57 |
Total | 89.51 ± 19.29 | 6.76 ± 2.01 |
P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Associated factors of functional disability
Characteristics | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Regression coefficient | 95% CI | Regression coefficient | 95% CI | |
Age | ||||
65–69 years old (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
70–74 years old | − 0.0205 | − 0.0294, − 0.0115 | − 0.0163 | − 0.0236, − 0.0090 |
75–79 years old | − 0.0470 | − 0.0577, − 0.0363 | − 0.0281 | − 0.0361, − 0.0201 |
80–84 years old | − 0.0981 | − 0.1171, − 0.0791 | − 0.0674 | − 0.0823, − 0.0525 |
85 years old and above | − 0.1437 | − 0.1786, − 0.1089 | − 0.0909 | − 0.1170, − 0.0648 |
BMI | ||||
Obesity | 0.0066 | −0.0055, 0.0188 | − 0.0032 | − 0.0132, 0.0067 |
Overweight | 0.0156 | 0.0081, 0.0231 | 0.0024 | −0.0037, 0.0084 |
Emaciation | − 0.0626 | −0.0813, − 0.0439 | −0.0296 | − 0.0460, − 0.0132 |
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Sex | ||||
Male (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Female | −0.0091 | −0.0167, − 0.0015 | −0.0055 | − 0.0130, 0.0019 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Han (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Others | −0.0132 | − 0.0283, 0.0020 | 0.0038 | −0.0070, 0.0146 |
Educational level | ||||
University | 0.0298 | 0.0136, 0.0460 | 0.0067 | −0.0072, 0.0206 |
Middle school | 0.0309 | 0.0180, 0.0439 | 0.0024 | −0.0085, 0.0134 |
Primary school | 0.0227 | 0.0097, 0.0357 | 0.0059 | −0.0041, 0.0158 |
Illiterate (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Marriage | ||||
Divorced or widowed | − 0.0222 | − 0.0358, − 0.0085 | 0.0089 | − 0.0018, 0.0197 |
Married (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Frail | ||||
Yes | −0.1888 | − 0.2077, − 0.1698 | −0.1459 | − 0.1630, − 0.1288 |
No (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Depression | ||||
Yes | −0.1058 | −0.1214 -0.0903 | − 0.0473 | − 0.0599, − 0.0347 |
No (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Admission to hospital | ||||
Emergency department | −0.1612 | − 0.2031, − 0.1194 | −0.1356 | − 0.1750, − 0.0962 |
Outpatient department (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Transit from other hospitals | −0.0491 | − 0.0788, − 0.0195 | −0.0307 | − 0.0551, − 0.0064 |
Others | −0.0028 | − 0.0325, 0.0269 | 0.0088 | − 0.0090, 0.0265 |
Living conditions | ||||
Building with elevators (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Building without elevators | 0.0028 | −0.0064, 0.0120 | 0.0041 | −0.0033, 0.0116 |
Bungalow | −0.0201 | − 0.0327, − 0.0076 | −0.0064 | − 0.0176, 0.0048 |
Smoking | ||||
Non-smoker (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Current smoker | 0.0022 | −0.0084, 0.0128 | −0.0084 | − 0.0180, 0.0013 |
Former smoker | −0.0058 | − 0.0147, 0.0031 | − 0.0038 | − 0.0121, 0.0044 |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
Non-drinker (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Current drinker | 0.0154 | 0.0062, 0.0246 | 0.0002 | −0.0083, 0.0087 |
Former drinker | −0.0102 | − 0.0233, 0.0029 | − 0.0118 | − 0.0227, − 0.0010 |
Falling accidents in past 12 months | ||||
Yes | − 0.0699 | − 0.0878, − 0.0520 | − 0.0414 | − 0.0567, − 0.0261 |
No (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Vision | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | − 0.0294 | − 0.0401 -0.0188 | − 0.0021 | − 0.0115, 0.0074 |
Hearing | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.0330 | − 0.0437, − 0.0222 | −0.0088 | − 0.0176, − 0.0000 |
Cognitive function | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.0659 | −0.0796, − 0.0522 | −0.0305 | − 0.0408, − 0.0202 |
Sleeping | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.0282 | −0.0361, − 0.0202 | −0.0006 | − 0.0071, 0.0059 |
Urinary function | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.0806 | − 0.1014, − 0.0598 | − 0.0420 | − 0.0566, − 0.0275 |
Defecation function | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | − 0.0802 | − 0.0948, − 0.0656 | −0.0364 | − 0.0479, − 0.0249 |
Characteristics | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Regression coefficient | 95% CI | Regression coefficient | 95% CI | |
Age | ||||
65–69 years old (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
70–74 years old | −0.0312 | − 0.0441, − 0.0183 | −0.0235 | − 0.0330, − 0.0141 |
75–79 years old | −0.0740 | − 0.0908, − 0.0571 | −0.0434 | − 0.0565, − 0.0302 |
80–84 years old | − 0.1562 | − 0.1821, − 0.1303 | −0.1040 | − 0.1233, − 0.0848 |
85 years old and above | − 0.3014 | − 0.3572, − 0.2457 | −0.2166 | − 0.2591, − 0.1740 |
BMI | ||||
Obesity | 0.0135 | − 0.0079, 0.0350 | −0.0026 | − 0.0192, 0.0139 |
Overweight | 0.0275 | 0.0162 0.0388 | 0.0022 | − 0.0059, 0.0104 |
Emaciation | −0.1123 | − 0.1460, − 0.0787 | − 0.0437 | − 0.0678, − 0.0195 |
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Sex | ||||
Male (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Female | −0.0233 | − 0.0345, − 0.0122 | −0.0021 | − 0.0130, 0.0087 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Han (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Others | −0.0504 | −0.0832, − 0.0175 | −0.0093 | − 0.0316, 0.0130 |
Educational level | ||||
University | 0.1113 | 0.0847, 0.1380 | 0.0588 | 0.0364, 0.0811 |
Middle school | 0.0993 | 0.0764, 0.1221 | 0.0395 | 0.0213, 0.0576 |
Primary school | 0.0668 | 0.0424, 0.0913 | 0.0317 | 0.0130, 0.0503 |
Illiterate (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Marriage | ||||
Divorced or widowed | −0.0583 | −0.0816, −0.0350 | −0.0013 | − 0.0185, 0.0159 |
Married (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Frail | ||||
Yes | −0.3713 | −0.4060, − 0.3365 | −0.2835 | − 0.3159, − 0.2510 |
No (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Depression | ||||
Yes | −0.2575 | −0.2867, − 0.2284 | −0.1491 | − 0.1715, − 0.1268 |
No (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Admission to hospital | ||||
Emergency department | −0.0591 | −0.0859, − 0.0323 | −0.0142 | − 0.0348, 0.0064 |
Outpatient department (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Transit from other hospitals | −0.0085 | −0.0452, 0.0283 | 0.0240 | −0.0015, 0.0495 |
Others | −0.0150 | − 0.0888, 0.0588 | −0.0026 | − 0.0500, 0.0447 |
Living conditions | ||||
Building with elevators (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Building without elevators | 0.0092 | −0.0036, 0.0220 | 0.0099 | 0.0004, 0.0194 |
Bungalow | −0.0487 | −0.0680, − 0.0295 | −0.0137 | − 0.0298, 0.0025 |
Smoking | ||||
Non-smoker (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Current smoker | 0.0245 | 0.0080, 0.0410 | −0.0054 | −0.0192, 0.0085 |
Former smoker | −0.0120 | −0.0276, 0.0035 | − 0.0142 | −0.0262, − 0.0022 |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
Non-drinker (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Current drinker | 0.0563 | 0.0429, 0.0697 | 0.0176 | 0.0062, 0.0290 |
Former drinker | −0.0103 | −0.0305, 0.0098 | − 0.0092 | −0.0242, 0.0059 |
Falling accidents in past 12 months | ||||
Yes | −0.0984 | −0.1180, − 0.0789 | −0.0484 | − 0.0641, − 0.0327 |
No (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Vision | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.0661 | −0.0841, − 0.0481 | −0.0132 | − 0.0290, 0.0026 |
Hearing | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.0767 | −0.0945, − 0.0589 | −0.0252 | − 0.0413, − 0.0091 |
Cognitive function | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.1517 | −0.1733, − 0.1302 | −0.0742 | − 0.0895, − 0.0588 |
Sleeping | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.0529 | −0.0634, − 0.0425 | −0.0011 | − 0.0094, 0.0073 |
Urinary function | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.0998 | −0.1278, − 0.0718 | −0.0365 | − 0.0533, − 0.0197 |
Defecation function | ||||
Normal (ref.) | – | – | – | – |
Dysfunction | −0.1195 | −0.1442, − 0.0948 | −0.0394 | − 0.0559, − 0.0228 |