Background
Methods
Study population
Data collection
Outcome
Candidate predictors
Sample size calculation
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics
Missing data
Prognostic model
Performance of the model
Internal validation
Model shrinkage
Results
Patient characteristics
Characteristics | All women | Live infant (6,513) | Stillbirth (443) | Missing data [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | 27 (24; 30) | 26 (24; 30) | 27 (25; 30) | 0.5 |
Maternal height (centimeters) | 156(153; 160) | 156 (152; 160) | 156 (153; 161) | 32.1 |
Maternal weight (Kg) | 65 (57; 75) | 66.0 (57; 75) | 66.0 (54.5; 75.5) | 30.3 |
Parity | 2(0; 3) | 1 (0; 3) | 3 (0; 4) | 1.6 |
Number of previous fetal loss | 0 (0; 1) | 0 (0; 1) | 0 (0; 1) | 1.8 |
Number of previous caesarean section | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 9.0 |
Maternal comorbidity | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 1.5 |
Birth weight (Kg) | 3.1 (2.7; 3.4) | 3.1 (2.8; 3.4) | 2.8 (2.0; 3.2) | 4.1 |
Gestational age at birth (days) | 265 (137; 276) | 266 (137; 276) | 225 (140; 254) | 30.8 |
Maternal education (Educated) | 3,284 [63.8] | 3,171 [96.6] | 113 [3.4] | 26.0 |
Maternal education (Not educated) | 1,866 [36.2] | 1,747 [96.6] | 119 [6.4] | |
Male infant | 3,506 [51.4] | 3,287 [93.6] | 219 [6.3] | 2.0 |
Female infant | 3,310 [48.6] | 3,113 [94.0] | 197 [6.0] | |
Bleeding in pregnancy (Yes) | 341 [5.1] | 220 [64.5] | 121 [35.5] | 3.0 |
Bleeding in pregnancy (No) | 6,406 [94.9] | 6,107 [95.3] | 299 [4.8] | |
Maternal occupation | 16.2 | |||
Not employed | 2,894 [49.6] | 2,650 [91.6] | 244 [8.4] | |
Self-employed | 1,969 [33.8] | 1,884 [95.7] | 85 [4.3] | |
Private/public employee | 968 [16.7] | 930 [96.1] | 38 [3.9] | |
Ethnicity | 7.7 | |||
Nupe | 4,611 [71.9] | 4,297 [93.2] | 314 [6.8] | |
Hausa / Fulani | 246 [3.8] | 220 [89.4] | 26 [10.6] | |
Yoruba | 790 [12.3] | 758 [95.9] | 32 [4.1] | |
Igbo | 395 [6.2] | 378 [95.7] | 17 [4.3] | |
Gwari | 19 [0.3] | 17 [89.5] | 2 [10.5] | |
Others | 356 [5.6] | 342 [96.1] | 14 [3.9] | |
Place of residence (Urban) | 5,707 [89.1] | 5,449 [95.5] | 258 [4.5] | 7.9 |
Place of residence (Rural) | 700 [10.9] | 552 [78.9] | 148 [21.1] | |
Multiple gestation | <0.01 | |||
Singleton | 6,201 [89.2] | 5,813 [93.7] | 388 [6.3] | |
Twins | 719 [10.3] | 665 [92.5] | 54 [7.5] | |
Triplets | 35 [0.5] | 34 [97.1] | 1[2.86] | |
Fetal presentation | <0.01 | |||
Cephalic | 6,506 [93.7] | 6,159 [94.7] | 347 [5.3] | |
Breech | 334[4.8] | 280 [83.8] | 54 [16.2] | |
Others | 100[1.4] | 62 [62.0] | 38 [38.0] |
Multivariable prediction model
Predictors |
Unadjusted β coef. | Standard error |
P-value | Adjusted β coef. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal comorbidity | 0.71 | 0.097 | <0.001 | 0.71 |
Place of residence (rural) | 1.31 | 0.129 | <0.001 | 1.30 |
Maternal occupation | ||||
Self employed | −0.30 | 0.144 | 0.035 | −0.30 |
Employee | −0.38 | 0.182 | 0.037 | −0.38 |
Maternal parity | 0.08 | 0.024 | 0.001 | 0.08 |
Bleeding (yes) | 2.18 | 0.139 | <0.001 | 2.16 |
Fetal presentation | ||||
Breech | 0.96 | 0.182 | <0.001 | 0.96 |
Others | 2.12 | 0.240 | <0.001 | 2.06 |
Predictors | Unadjusted β coef. | Standard error |
P-value | Adjusted β coef. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal comorbidity | 0.60 | 0.100 | <0.001 | 0.60 |
Place of residence (rural) | 1.27 | 0.129 | <0.001 | 1.26 |
Maternal occupation | ||||
Self employed | −0.27 | 0.143 | 0.07 | −0.26 |
Employee | −0.33 | 0.183 | 0.07 | −0.33 |
Maternal parity | 0.10 | 0.024 | <0.001 | 0.10 |
Bleeding (yes) | 2.04 | 0.142 | <0.001 | 2.01 |
Fetal presentation | ||||
Breech | 0.83 | 0.181 | <0.001 | 0.83 |
Others | 2.15 | 0.241 | <0.001 | 2.07 |
Growth rate | −0.18 | 0.026 | <0.001 | −0.18 |