Background
Methods
Study design and population
Definitions
Outcome variables
Independent variables
Statistical analysis
Characteristic | N (%) |
---|---|
Demographics | |
Age-median (IQR) | 26.6 (22.0–32.4) |
Age of husband/partner-median (IQR) (n = 6417)a
| 35.9 (29.7–43.4) |
Relationship status | |
Married | 5248 (68.6) |
Living with partner | 1286 (16.8) |
Widowed, divorced, or separated | 482 (6.3) |
Never in union | 631 (8.3) |
Polygamy (n = 7639) | |
Monogamous | 4603 (60.3) |
Polygamous | 1605 (21) |
Don’t know | 317 (4.2) |
Not married | 1114 (14.6) |
Education level | |
None | 2020 (26.4) |
Primary school | 2910 (38.1) |
Secondary school or higher | 2717 (35.5) |
Education level of partner (n = 7281) | |
None | 1508 (20.7) |
Primary school | 2238 (30.7) |
Secondary school or higher | 2903 (39.9) |
Never married | 632 (8.7) |
Literacy (n = 7477) | |
Literate | 3790 (50.7) |
Illiterate | 3687 (49.3) |
Wealth quintile | |
1st (poorest) | 1606 (21) |
2nd | 1585 (20.7) |
3rd | 1542 (20.2) |
4th | 1540 (20.1) |
5th (wealthiest) | 1374 (18) |
Religion (n = 7555) | |
Christian (catholic or protestant) | 5015 (66.4) |
Muslim | 1890 (25) |
Other/none | 650 (8.6) |
Location of home | |
Urban | 3472 (45.4) |
Rural | 4175 (54.6) |
Own a method of transportation (bicycle, motorcycle or car) (n = 7635) | |
Yes | 3066 (40.2) |
No | 4569 (59.8) |
HIV status (n = 3544) | |
Positive | 177 (5) |
Negative | 3367 (95) |
Currently pregnant | |
Yes | 1061 (13.9) |
No | 6586 (86.1) |
Parity | |
1–2 | 3101 (40.5) |
3–4 | 2117 (27.7) |
5+ | 2429 (31.8) |
Number of children <5 in the household | |
0 | 472 (6.2) |
1–2 | 4941 (64.6) |
3+ | 2234 (29.2) |
Current contraceptive use | |
Modern method | 1161 (15.2) |
Traditional method | 665 (8.7) |
None | 5821 (76.1) |
Employment in the past 12 months (n = 7645) | |
Yes | 5657 (74) |
No | 1988 (26) |
Antenatal care | |
Visited a health facility in the past 12 months (n = 7637) | |
Yes | 5058 (66.2) |
No | 2579 (33.8) |
Antenatal care provider (at least once) (n = 7582) | |
Physician | 1714 (22.6) |
Nurse | 4254 (56.1) |
Auxiliary nurse | 507 (6.7) |
None | 1107 (14.6) |
Antenatal care location (n = 7489) | |
Hospital | 2975 (39.7) |
Health centre | 3366 (44.9) |
Home | 41 (0.6) |
No ANC visits | 1107 (14.8) |
Timing of initial ANC visit (n = 7609) | |
First trimester | 2620 (34.4) |
Second trimester | 3489 (45.9) |
Third trimester | 393 (5.2) |
No ANC visits | 1107 (14.5) |
Number of ANC visits during pregnancy (n = 7565) | |
0 | 1107 (14.6) |
1–2 | 580 (7.7) |
3 | 1122 (14.8) |
4+ | 4756 (62.9) |
Delivery location (n = 7580) | |
Health facility | 4952 (65.3) |
Home | 2628 (34.7) |
Malaria prophylaxis in pregnancy | |
Have a bed net at home for sleeping (n = 7644) | |
Yes | 2580 (33.7) |
No | 5064 (66.3) |
Slept under a bed net on the night prior to the survey | |
Yes | 1291 (16.9) |
No | 6357 (83.1) |
Took any malaria prophylaxis medication (n = 7608) | |
Yes | 4686 (61.6) |
No | 2922 (38.4) |
Malaria prophylaxis medication received (n = 7742)b
| |
Sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) | 3321 (42.9) |
Quinine | 691 (8.9) |
Artemether–lumefantrine | 285 (3.7) |
Amodiaquine | 258 (3.3) |
Chloroquine | 123 (1.6) |
Other medication | 242 (3.1) |
None/don’t know | 2822 (36.5) |
Number of SP doses received (n = 7492) | |
0 | 4189 (55.9) |
1 | 1262 (16.8) |
2 | 1072 (14.3) |
3+ | 969 (12.9) |
Source of malaria prophylaxis medication (n = 3242) | |
ANC clinic | 3170 (97.8) |
Other medical clinic | 32 (1) |
Other source | 40 (1.2) |
Results
Bed net ownership
Characteristic | Bed net ownership (n = 7235) | Bed net usage (n = 7239) | Use of any prophylaxis medication (n = 7226) |
---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Age | |||
Per 10 years | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.1 (1–1.2) |
Education | |||
None | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Primary | 1.2 (1–1.4) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.3 (1.05–1.6) |
Secondary | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) |
Literacy | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.2 (1.02–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) |
Wealth quintile (lowest to highest) | |||
1st | Ref | Ref | Ref |
2nd | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 1 (0.7–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
3rd | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) |
4th | 1 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 1.2 (1–1.6) |
5th | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 1 (0.7–1.4) | 1 (0.7–1.3) |
Religion | |||
Muslim | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Christian | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1.2 (1–1.6) | 0.8 (0.6–0.95) |
Other/none | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | 0.7 (0.5–0.98) |
Parity | |||
1–2 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
3–4 | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (1.02–1.4) |
5+ | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 1 (0.8–1.2) |
# Children under five at home | |||
0 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
1–2 | 1.9 (1.5–2.5) | 2.3 (1.6–3.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
3+ | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 2 (1.3–3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
Relationship status | |||
Married | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Living with partner | 0.8 (0.7–1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.97) |
Widowed, divorced or separated | 0.8 (0.6–1) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
Never in union | 0.8 (0.7–1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) |
Transportation | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1 (0.8–1.1) | 1 (0.9–1.2) |
Current contraception | |||
None | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Traditional | 1.2 (1.01–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
Modern | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 1 (0.9–1.2) |
Visited health facility in past year | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.1 (1–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) |
Total ANC visits | |||
0 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
1–2 | 1.4 (1.03–1.8) | 2 (1.4–2.8) | 10.3 (7.2–14.6) |
3 | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 14.6 (10.6–20.2) |
4+ | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | 2 (1.4–2.8) | 17.8 (13–24.5) |
Delivery location | |||
Home | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Facility | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 1 (0.8–1.2) |
Bed net usage
Malaria prophylaxis medication use
Characteristic | 0 vs 1+ doses of SP | 0–1 vs 2+ doses of SP | 0–2 vs 3+ doses of SP |
---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Age | |||
Per 10 years | 1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
Education | |||
None | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Primary | 1.3 (1.04–1.7) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
Secondary | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.4 (0.9–2) |
Literacy | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.3 (1.04–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1 (0.7–1.3) |
Wealth quintile (lowest to highest) | |||
1st | Ref | Ref | Ref |
2nd | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
3rd | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) |
4th | 1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1 (0.7–1.4) |
5th | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) |
Religion | |||
Muslim | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Christian | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
Other/none | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
Parity | |||
1–2 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
3–4 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–.98) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
5+ | 0.8 (0.7–1) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
# Children under five at home | |||
0 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
1–2 | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
3+ | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
Relationship status | |||
Married | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Living with partner | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) |
Widowed, divorced or separated | 0.8 (0.6–0.96) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1 (0.8–1.4) |
Never in union | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) |
Transportation | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1 (0.8–1.1) | 1 (0.9–1.2) | 1 (0.9–1.2) |
Current contraception | |||
None | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Traditional | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) |
Modern | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 1 (0.7–1.3) |
Visited health facility in past year | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.2 (1.05–1.4) | 1 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
Number of antenatal clinic visits | |||
0 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
1–2 | 19.4 (11–34.4) | 10.2 (5.3–19.5) | 3.5 (1.4–8.5) |
3 | 30.5 (17.8–52.4) | 24.8 (12.9–47.8) | 18.9 (8.8–40.3) |
4+ | 37.4 (22.1–63.2) | 33.1 (17.8–61.8) | 25.4 (12.3–52.5) |
Delivery location | |||
Home | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Facility | 1 (0.9–1.3) | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |