Background
In an aging society, adult spinal deformity (ASD) remains one of the most controversial topics within the field of spinal disorders due to the significant impact it can have on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Spinal malalignment in the sagittal plane has been correlated with pain as well as physical and mental disability [
1,
2] [
3,
4]. Therefore, numerous studies have attempted to establish mathematical prediction formulas for optimal surgical planning in the treatment of ASD. Attention has been paid to the correlation between radiographic spinopelvic parameters and HRQoL scores evaluated by questionnaires such as the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the Scoliosis Research Society-22r, and the Short Form [SF]-12 [
4‐
7].
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is recognized as a factor that has a significant negative impact on quality of life (QoL) [
8], and a recent large survey showed that 37.6% of Japanese individuals were affected by GERD [
9]. In addition, it has been suggested that vertebral fractures and/or spinal malalignment may influence the frequency of GERD [
10‐
13]. However, there are few studies about the epidemiology and pathology of GERD in patients with severe spinal deformity who require treatment with thoracolumbar corrective surgery. Additionally, the efficacy of surgical spinal correction for GERD is still largely unknown. To establish the optimal surgical strategy for treating GERD in patients with ASD, we set out to do the following: 1) to clarify the prevalence of GERD; 2) to determine radiographically which spinal malalignment parameters predominantly influence the risk for GERD; and 3) to evaluate the improvement of GERD after surgical spinal correction.
Methods
Patients and surgical techniques
All patients were considered candidates for thoracolumbar correction if a fusion was indicated because of ASD and if a full course of conservative care had been exhausted. The inclusion criteria were age greater than 60 years and a radiographic diagnosis of ASD defined by at least one of the following parameters: a coronal Cobb angle more than 30°; a C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA), which is the distance between the C7 plumb line and the posterosuperior edge of S1, more than 5 cm; pelvic tilt (PT), which is the orientation of the pelvis with respect to the femurs and the rest of the body, more than 25°; and/or thoracic kyphosis (TK) more than 30°. Patients were excluded if they had inflammatory arthritis, tumors, or neuromuscular diseases. The following information was obtained from each subject: number of vertebral fractures; radiographic parameters (as described below); intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and intake of bisphosphonates. The demographic details of the patients are shown in Table
1.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with ASD with and without GERD
Age (y) | 70.4 ± 7.4 | 70.8 ± 6.54 | 70.0 ± 8.23 | 0.6663 |
Female/male gender (n) | 62/9 | 32/5 | 30/4 | 0.7297 |
TK, standing (°) | 24.9 ± 19.0 | 29.3 ± 19.8 | 20.7 ± 17.3 | 0.0620 |
TLK, standing (°) | 19.34 ± 18.4 | 23.7 ± 19.7 | 15.2 ± 16.1 | 0.0561 |
LL, standing (°) | 13.2 ± 19.6 | 14.4 ± 18.2 | 12.2 ± 21.7 | 0.6571 |
PI (°) | 53.1 ± 9.6 | 54.4 ± 11.2 | 51.9 ± 8.1 | 0.2963 |
PT (°) | 37.5 ± 10.6 | 38.4 ± 10.0 | 36.5 ± 11.2 | 0.4759 |
SS (°) | 17.0 ± 11.9 | 16.9 ± 10.1 | 17.2 ± 13.4 | 0.8947 |
SVA (mm) | 104.8 ± 64.6 | 116.9 ± 56.8 | 93.1 ± 71.0 | 0.1354 |
PI-LL(°) | 29.3 ± 16.5 | 27.52 ± 17.3 | 31.0 ± 15.4 | 0.3864 |
Cobb angle (°) | 23.6 ± 16.9 | 26.9 ± 17.9 | 20.1 ± 15.1 | 0.0918 |
TK, FBB (°) | 19.9 ± 15.8 | 24.2 ± 16.4 | 14.8 ± 13.6 |
<0.05
|
TLK, FBB (°) | 7.2 ± 14.4 | 13.6 ± 15.2 | −0.42 ± 8.8 |
<0.0001
|
LL, FBB (°) | 31.9 ± 16.3 | 29.9 ± 15.8 | 34.3 ± 17.0 | 0.0918 |
Cobb angle ~30°/30°~ (n) | | 22/15 | 29/5 |
<0.05
|
Number of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures (n) | 0.55 ± 1.1 | 0.78 ± 1.3 | 0.32 ± 0.84 | 0.0876 |
Intake of NSAIDs | 15 (21.1%) | 10 (27.02%) | 5 (14.7%) | 0.252 |
Intake of bisphosphonates | 8 (11.3%) | 6 (16.2%) | 2 (5.88%) | 0.264 |
Intake of PPI | 34 (47.9%) | 34 (91.9%) | 0 | |
Seventy-three patients were treated with thoracolumbar corrective surgery between April 2010 and March 2014 by three board-certified spinal surgeons at a single institution; two patients missed follow-up. Therefore, 71 consecutive patients with ASD who were treated with thoracolumbar corrective surgery and followed up for a minimum of 1 year were enrolled in this study.
Radiographic measurements
Radiographic data collection consisted of full-length lateral radiographs obtained with the patient in a freestanding posture with fingers placed on the clavicles or supine in a fulcrum backward-bending (FBB) position preoperatively. Preoperative evaluation for flexibility of the thoracolumbar spine is essential to perform the optimum surgery and includes an assessment of the necessity of osteotomy and/or range of fusion. Radiographs obtained with the supine patient in an FBB position is an effective technique to evaluate the flexibility of the thoracolumbar kyphotic curvature [
14].
Recent reports indicated that the following sagittal spinopelvic parameters are directly correlated with HRQoL scores evaluated by questionnaires such as the ODI, the Scoliosis Research Society-22r, and the SF-12 [
4‐
7]: the SVA, PT, and pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) have been known as the parameters that are most strongly correlated with disability of patients with ASD [
3]. Standing full-length lateral radiographs were captured 1 year postoperatively. The following radiographic parameters were measured using a lateral view: T5−T12 TK, T10-L2 thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK), T12−S1 LL angles, PI, PT, sacral slope (SS), and SVA. Kyphosis was expressed as a positive value, and lordosis was expressed as a negative value. Using a frontal view radiograph with the patient in the standing position, we measured the coronal Cobb angle in the thoracolumbar, lumbar and thoracic spine. Vertebral fracture was considered present if at least one of three height measurements (anterior, middle, and posterior) for one vertebra had decreased by >20% compared with the height of the nearest uncompressed vertebral body [
15]. Radiographic measurements were obtained by one of the authors based on a single measurement using standardized techniques. This author has more than 10 years of experience in spinal surgery and was blinded to the Quest scores.
Diagnosis of GERD
All patients were asked to respond to the Frequency Scale for Symptoms of GERD (FSSG) questionnaire regardless of any specific complaints. The questionnaire contains 12 questions and has been recently developed as a self-report instrument that is written in simple and easy-to-understand language. Symptom frequency was measured on the following scale: never = 0; occasionally = 1; sometimes = 2; often = 3; and always = 4. The FSSG questionnaire is appropriate for management of GERD in general practice. The results from the FSSG questionnaire have been shown to correlate strongly with endoscopic findings; thus, endoscopy is not a requirement [
16].
Evaluation of GERD was conducted within 2 weeks prior to surgery and 1 year after surgical spinal correction. GERD was diagnosed by a gastroenterologist based on the patient’s response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medication and/or an FSSG score > 8 points [
13,
16], and patients were divided into groups based on the presence or absence of GERD, that is, GERD+ and GERD−, respectively.
Statistical analyses
All data are reported as means ± SD. Data were analyzed using a two-sided Student t-test and a Fisher exact test to determine significant differences. Correlations between radiographic parameters and FSSG scores were determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. All statistical calculations were performed with Prism version 6.0 (Graph Pad Software, La Jolla, CA). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with R software, version 3.2.3, to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for potential risk factors for GERD. For all tests, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.005, ***P < 0.0005, ****P < 0.0001).
Discussion
Our data showed that of the 71 patients who underwent surgical treatment for ASD, 37 (52%) had a high frequency of GERD symptoms. Therefore, GERD might be one of the main complaints to evaluate when performing thoracolumbar corrective surgery. Spinal malalignment parameters may influence the risk for GERD in patients with ASD; therefore, precise information regarding these parameters should be obtained.
Age, female sex, obesity, hiatal hernia, smoking, regular consumption of alcohol, and
H. pylori negativity have been elucidated as risk factors for GERD [
8] [
18‐
20]. In addition, the association between osteoporosis/spinal hyperkyphosis and increased prevalence of GERD has been recognized [
10,
11,
13,
21]. However, these reports lacked detailed information on global spinal alignment, the location of the kyphosis, and the kyphosis angle. In accordance with past reports [
17], our data also showed that scoliosis was a significant risk factor for GERD, and risk increased with a curve >30 degrees. A recent report on volunteers who attended a basic health checkup and had an evaluation of global spinal alignment indicated that the angle of the LL, sagittal balance, and back muscle strength are significant factors related to the presence of GERD [
22]. In contrast to previous studies, we did not find spinal sagittal alignment based on parameters of TK, TLK, or LL measured by full-length standing spinal radiographs to be significant risk factors for GERD symptoms. This may be because our subjects were limited to patients who had serious spinal deformity. In the current study, PI-LL mismatch in the standing position also did not correlate with GERD symptoms (Table
1). The pathology underlying ASD can include a wide variety of spinal curves, such as marked global sagittal malalignment due to lumbar kyphosis or flexible or rigid TK and severe scoliosis without marked global sagittal malalignment [
14]. Preoperative evaluation of the flexibility of the curvature of the spine is essential for selecting the optimal surgical strategy for patients with ASD, and it has been demonstrated that radiographs in the FBB position can be used to assess vertebral curve flexibility [
14,
23,
24]. Our study showed that decreased LL and increased TLK measured in the FBB position, which indicate decompensatory sagittal malalignment, are critical risk factors for the development of GERD symptoms in patients with ASD (Fig.
1a, b).
A recent report indicated improvement of GERD in patients with spinal kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical spinal correction. However, this study did not consider the relationship between the improvement of GERD symptoms and the global spinal alignment [
25]. Similar to the recent report [
25], our study also showed significant improvements in FSSG scores that were noted postoperatively. In addition, we found some patients still had GERD symptoms, and postoperative fixed TLK was significantly highly correlated with FSSG scores 1 year after surgery. One possible mechanism for these results is that an increase in intra-abdominal pressure is caused by thoracolumbar kyphosis, with subsequent compression of the esophagus and stomach cranially, and this mechanism is supported by past reports [
11,
22].
The limitations of this study were the small sample size and the assessment of GERD symptoms by the Quest score only, without diagnostic endoscopy or other additional tests. The sensitivity of the FSSG for diagnosis of GERD is about 70%. In addition, GERD included reflux esophagitis and non-erosive reflux esophagitis (NERD). In the current study, most patients grouped as GERD-positive were dosed with PPIs, and they may be patients with NERD or functional heartburn. Further study using endoscopic evaluation is needed to elucidate the epidemiology and pathology of GERD in ASD more precisely. Additionally, because some patients might stop the intake of PPIs postoperatively, the influence of postoperative intake of oral PPIs on FSSG score should be evaluated in a further study. However, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report the prevalence of GERD in patients with ASD, to demonstrate that a fixed thoracolumbar curve that is decreased in LL and increased in TLK in the FBB position is significantly associated with development of GERD symptoms in these patients, and to suggest that insufficient surgical correction of TLK might be a risk factor for persistent GERD symptoms. Despite it being well known that sagittal spinopelvic alignment is an important factor for optimal surgical planning, the results of the current study also indicated that management of an inflexible thoracolumbar curve is necessary to treat GERD symptoms in patients with ASD.