Background
Participants
Methods
Type | Questions | Item in Beijing | Item in Hong Konga
|
---|---|---|---|
Chronic disease historyb
| Hypertension | 1 | 1 |
Cardiovascular disease | 2 | 2 | |
COPD | 3 | 3 | |
Stroke | 4 | 4 | |
Dementia | 5 | 5 | |
Diabetes type I or II | 6 | 6 | |
Arthritis | 7 | 7 | |
Tumor | 8 | 8 | |
Cataract | 9 | 9 | |
Heart failure | 10 | 10 | |
Kidney failure | 11 | 11 | |
Deaf | 12 | - | |
Thyroid disease | - | 12 | |
Functional assessment | Geriatric Depression Score ≥ 8 | 13 | 13 |
MNA < 24 | 14 | 14 | |
MMSE < 24 | 15 | 15 | |
Tinetti’s Mobility Test (POMA) < 24 | 16 | - | |
Repeated chair stand (5 stands) > 15 sec | - | 16 | |
Geriatric syndromes | Joint pain or inflammation | 17 | 17 |
Gout | 18 | 18 | |
Risk of fallc
| 19 | 19 | |
Osteoporosis | 20 | 20 | |
Arterial Sclerosis | 21 | 21 | |
Difficulty in movementd
| 22 | 22 | |
Less activity | 23 | 23 | |
Often feel fatigue or tired | 24 | 24 | |
Weight loss > 3 kg in past 3 months | 25 | 25 | |
Vision loss in past 3 months | 26 | 26 | |
Urinary inconsistence | 27 | - | |
Fecal inconsistence | 28 | - | |
Memory loss | 29 | - | |
Hearing loss in past 3 months | 30 | - | |
Difficulty in climbing several stairs | - | 27 | |
Accomplished less daily activities due to emotional problem | - | 28 | |
Difficulty in moderate activities | - | 29 | |
Difficulty in social life | - | 30 | |
Fall in past 12 months | - | 31 | |
Poor health | - | 32 | |
Ever fracture | - | 33 | |
Physical or lab examination | BMI < 19 | 31 | 34 |
Dsylipideamia (mmol/l)e
| 32 | - | |
Plasma fasting glucose (mmol/l)f
| 33 | - | |
Blood urine acidg
| 34 | - |
Results
Mean (sd)/Freq (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing urban (1) | Beijing rural (2)a
| Hong Kong (3)a
| |
Male |
N = 2432 |
N = 419 |
N = 2000 |
Age, mean (sd) | 74.62 (5.62) | 74.89 (5.79) | 74.47 (5.50) |
Currently married | 2136 (87.83 %) | 365 (79.39 %)1
| 1760 (85.46 %)1,2
|
Education ≤ Middle school | 632 (26.02 %) | 248 (72.18 %)1
| 1422 (72.74 %)1
|
Living alone | 149 (6.13 %) | 19 (6.80 %) | 92 (5.58 %) |
Current smoking | 508 (20.89 %) | 157 (35.49 %)1
| 238 (11.42 %)1,2
|
Current alcohol useb
| 516 (21.22 %) | 163 (37.35 %)1
| 471 (21.21 %)2
|
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 645 (26.61 %) | 48 (14.73 %)1
| 523 (27.68 %)2
|
No. of diseases | |||
0 | 534 (21.96 %) | 175 (45.44 %)1
| 435 (19.85 %)2
|
1–2 | 1300 (53.45 %) | 221 (48.05 %) | 1118 (55.43 %) |
≥3 | 598 (24.59 %) | 23 (6.51 %) | 447 (24.72 %) |
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 663 (27.59 %) | 42 (9.65 %)1
| 137 (6.92 %)1
|
GDS ≥ 8 | 273 (12.06 %) | 5 (1.55 %)1
| 169 (8.92 %)1,2
|
MMSE < 24 | 249 (10.26 %) | 83 (28.93 %)1
| 227 (14.28 %)1,2
|
Female |
N = 3888 |
N = 559 |
N = 2000 |
Age, mean (sd) | 73.85 (5.28) | 73.94 (5.07) | 73.73 (5.32) |
Currently married | 2687 (69.11 %) | 398 (61.94 %)1
| 1069 (49.42 %)1,2
|
Education ≤ Middle school | 2038 (52.46 %) | 430 (85.35 %)1
| 1728 (87.23 %)1
|
Living alone | 494 (12.71 %) | 36 (7.44 %)1
| 341 (18.62 %)1,2
|
Current smoking | 196 (5.04 %) | 32 (5.44 %) | 37 (1.91 %)1,2
|
Current alcohol useb
| 64 (1.65 %) | 26 (5.42 %)1
| 51 (2.35 %)2
|
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 1074 (27.77 %) | 81 (16.57 %)1
| 647 (33.26 %)1,2
|
No. of diseases | |||
0 | 661 (17.00 %) | 162 (29.01 %)1
| 385 (17.85 %)1,2
|
1–2 | 2108 (54.22 %) | 337 (60.05 %) | 1167 (58.88 %) |
≥ 3 | 1119 (28.78 %) | 60 (10.94 %) | 448 (23.27 %) |
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 1116 (29.15 %) | 87 (15.31 %)1
| 127 (6.70 %)1,2
|
GDS ≥ 8 | 517 (14.13 %) | 11 (2.87 %)1
| 203 (10.64 %)1,2
|
MMSE < 24 | 756 (19.47 %) | 250 (54.72 %)1
| 785 (41.54 %)1,2
|
Mean (sd)/Freq (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing urban (1) | Beijing rural (2)a
| Hong Kong (3)a
| |
Male |
N = 1216 |
N = 333 |
N = 1372 |
Age, mean (sd) | 70.08 (2.9) | 70.17 (2.31) | 69.94 (2.25) |
Currently married | 1112 (91.45 %) | 301 (88.14 %) | 1257 (91.44 %) |
Education ≤ Middle school | 223 (18.37 %) | 174 (57.74 %)1
| 940 (69.34 %)1,2
|
Living alone | 52 (4.28 %) | 10 (3.44 %) | 47 (3.46 %) |
Current smoking | 307 (25.25 %) | 131 (38.87 %)1
| 172 (12.4 %)1,2
|
Current alcohol useb
| 292 (24.01 %) | 134 (39.72 %)1
| 369 (26.62 %)2
|
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 294 (24.30 %) | 32 (10.29 %)1
| 323 (23.47 %)2
|
No. of diseases | |||
0 | 305 (25.08 %) | 135 (40.15 %)1
| 328 (23.11 %)2
|
1-2 | 669 (55.02 %) | 184 (55.80 %) | 785 (57.42 %) |
≥ 3 | 242 (19.90 %) | 14 (4.05 %) | 259 (19.47 %) |
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 272 (22.52 %) | 33 (9.93 %)1
| 95 (7.13 %)1
|
GDS ≥ 8 | 134 (12.04 %) | 3 (0.94 %)1
| 107 (7.71 %)1, 2
|
MMSE < 24 | 65 (5.35 %) | 49 (16.87 %)1
| 97 (7.23 %)1, 2
|
Female |
N = 2297 |
N = 420 |
N = 1334 |
Age, mean (sd) | 70.34 (2.75) | 70.54 (2.47) | 70.34 (2.56) |
Currently married | 1770 (77.06 %) | 325 (72.10 %)1
| 874 (63.64 %)1,2
|
Education ≤ Middle school | 984 (42.88 %) | 296 (79.05 %)1
| 1126 (84.95 %)1,2
|
Living alone | 242 (10.54 %) | 25 (7.28 %)1
| 158 (12.41 %)2
|
Current smoking | 120 (5.22 %) | 20 (4.38 %) | 24 (1.89 %)1,2
|
Current alcohol useb
| 41 (1.78 %) | 16 (3.28 %)1
| 43 (3.16 %)1
|
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 568 (24.88 %) | 55 (14.96 %)1
| 389 (29.21 %)1,2
|
No. of diseases | |||
0 | 438 (19.07 %) | 121 (29.74 %)1
| 296 (21.09 %)1,2
|
1–2 | 1243 (54.11 %) | 251 (57.91 %) | 771 (58.3 %) |
≥3 | 616 (26.82 %) | 48 (12.34 %) | 267 (20.61 %) |
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 617 (27.12 %) | 70 (17.27 %)1
| 75 (5.91 %)1,2
|
GDS ≥ 8 | 291 (13.45 %) | 8 (3.08 %)1
| 121 (9.44 %)1,2
|
MMSE < 24 | 286 (12.46 %) | 155 (42.78 %)1
| 439 (34.2 %)1,2
|
Mean (sd)/Freq (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing urban (1) | Beijing rural (2)a
| Hong Kong (3)a
| |
Male |
N = 1102 |
N = 81 |
N = 585 |
Age, mean (sd) | 78.34 (2.66) | 78.81 (4.35) | 78.18 (3.11) |
Currently married | 948 (86.03 %) | 61 (72.05 %)1
| 474 (80.61 %)1
|
Education ≤ Middle school | 366 (33.24 %) | 70 (86.68 %)1
| 451 (76.49 %)1,2
|
Living alone | 81 (7.35 %) | 9 (11.21 %) | 38 (6.8 %) |
Current smoking | 186 (16.88 %) | 25 (33.22 %)1
| 60 (9.99 %)1,2
|
Current alcohol useb
| 209 (18.97 %) | 28 (36.39 %)1
| 97 (16.24 %)2
|
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 318 (28.91 %) | 16 (21.16 %) | 190 (32.65 %)2
|
No. of diseases | |||
0 | 199 (18.06 %) | 37 (49.30 %)1
| 98 (16.23 %)2
|
1–2 | 575 (52.18 %) | 36 (42.26 %) | 309 (53.1 %) |
≥ 3 | 328 (29.76 %) | 8 (8.44 %) | 178 (30.67 %) |
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 358 (32.97 %) | 9 (10.35 %)1
| 39 (6.64 %)1
|
GDS ≥ 8 | 126 (12.09 %) | 2 (2.29 %)1
| 55 (9.47 %)2
|
MMSE < 24 | 161 (14.68 %) | 32 (41.46 %)1
| 114 (19.76 %)1,2
|
Female |
N = 1466 |
N = 136 |
N = 608 |
Age, mean (sd) | 78.16 (2.63) | 78.45 (3.31) | 78.28 (2.85) |
Currently married | 879 (59.96 %) | 73 (50.13 %)1
| 190 (30.67 %)1,2
|
Education ≤ Middle school | 973 (66.37 %) | 131 (96.89 %)1
| 550 (90.52 %)1,2
|
Living alone | 232 (15.83 %) | 11 (8.18 %)1
| 170 (28.09 %)1,2
|
Current smoking | 71 (4.84 %) | 12 (7.48 %) | 12 (1.97 %)1,2
|
Current alcohol useb
| 22 (1.50 %) | 9 (6.94 %)1
| 8 (1.28 %)2
|
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 455 (31.14 %) | 26 (20.18 %)1
| 227 (37.71 %)1,2
|
No. of diseases | |||
0 | 197 (13.44 %) | 40 (27.58 %)1
| 83 (13.48 %)2
|
1–2 | 805 (54.91 %) | 84 (62.96 %) | 362 (59.76 %) |
≥ 3 | 464 (31.65 %) | 12 (9.47 %) | 163 (26.76 %) |
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 469 (32.68 %) | 17 (13.25 %)1
| 46 (7.62 %)1,2
|
GDS ≥ 8 | 197 (14.30 %) | 3 (2.76 %)1
| 71 (11.86 %)2
|
MMSE < 24 | 418 (28.57 %) | 92 (70.59 %)1
| 311 (51.47 %)1,2
|
Mean (sd)/Freq (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing urban (1) | Beijing rural (2)a
| Hong Kong (3)a
| |
Male |
N = 114 |
N = 5 |
N = 43 |
Age, mean (sd) | 87.01 (2.51) | 87.30 (5.38) | 86.89 (3.00) |
Currently married | 76 (66.67 %) | 3 (57.02 %) | 29 (68.42 %) |
Education ≤ Middle school | 43 (37.72 %) | 4 (85.96 %)1
| 31 (72.63 %)1
|
Living alone | 16 (14.04 %) | 0 (0 %) | 7 (16.49 %) |
Current smoking | 15 (13.16 %) | 1 (21.49 %) | 6 (14.74 %) |
Current alcohol useb
| 15 (13.16 %) | 1 (21.49 %) | 5 (11.58 %) |
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 33 (28.95 %) | 0 (0 %) | 10 (24.56 %) |
No. of diseases | |||
0 | 30 (26.32 %) | 3 (64.47 %) | 9 (20 %) |
1-2 | 56 (49.12 %) | 1 (21.49 %) | 24 (56.84 %) |
≥ 3 | 28 (24.56 %) | 1 (14.04 %) | 10 (23.16 %) |
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 33 (30.28 %) | 0 (0 %) | 3 (7.37 %)1
|
GDS ≥ 8 | 13 (12.04 %) | 0 (0 %) | 7 (16.49 %) |
MMSE < 24 | 23 (20.18 %) | 2 (35.53 %) | 16 (36.49 %)1
|
Female |
N = 125 |
N = 3 |
N = 58 |
Age, mean (sd) | 87.74 (2.55) | 86.50 (1.52) | 87.39 (3.04) |
Currently married | 38 (30.40 %) | 0 (0 %) | 5 (7.92 %)1
|
Education ≤ Middle school | 81 (65.32 %) | 3 (100 %) | 52 (90.5 %)1
|
Living alone | 20 (16.00 %) | 0 (0 %) | 13 (21.49 %) |
Current smoking | 5 (4.00 %) | 3 (100 %)1
| 1 (1.58 %)2
|
Current alcohol useb
| 1 (0.80 %) | 1 (33.33 %)1
| 0 (0 %)2
|
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 51 (41.13 %) | 0 (0 %) | 31 (55.43 %) |
No. of diseases | |||
0 | 26 (20.80 %) | 1 (33.33 %) | 6 (9.5 %) |
1–2 | 60 (48.00 %) | 2 (66.67 %) | 34 (59.28 %) |
≥ 3 | 39 (31.20 %) | 0 (0 %) | 18 (31.22 %) |
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 30 (25.21 %) | 0 (0 %) | 6 (10.41 %)1
|
GDS ≥ 8 | 29 (24.58 %) | 0 (0 %) | 11 (18.33 %) |
MMSE < 24 | 52 (41.94 %) | 3 (100 %)1
| 35 (59.95 %)1
|
Prevalence % | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing urban (1) | Beijing rural (2)b
| Hong Kong (3)b
| |
Male | |||
65–74 | 108 (8.88 %) | 4 (1.29 %)1
| 99 (7.36 %)2
|
75–84 | 202 (18.33 %) | 6 (7.19 %)1
| 90 (15.80 %)2
|
85+ | 22 (19.30 %) | 0 (0 %) | 9 (21.40 %) |
Female | |||
65–74 | 342 (14.89 %) | 24 (6.59 %)1
| 223 (17.61 %)1,2
|
75–84 | 362 (24.69 %) | 16 (12.62 %)1
| 164 (27.12 %)2
|
85+ | 41 (32.80 %) | 1 (33.33 %) | 20 (34.39 %) |
Total | |||
65–74 | 450 (12.81 %) | 28 (4.53 %)1
| 322 (12.91 %)2
|
75–84 | 564 (21.96 %) | 22 (10.05 %)1
| 254 (20.94 %)2
|
85+ | 63 (26.36 %) | 1 (13.84 %) | 29 (26.69 %) |
Mean (sd) of FI/LE ratio | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing urban (1) | Beijing rural (2)a
| Hong Kong (3)a
| |
Male | |||
65–74 | 0.18 (0.11) | 0.13 (0.07)1
| 0.15 (0.09)1,2
|
75–84 | 0.23 (0.13) | 0.15 (0.16)1
| 0.19 (0.15)1,2
|
85+ | 0.24 (0.14) | 0.17 (0.12) | 0.22 (0.18) |
Female | |||
65–74 | 0.21 (0.11) | 0.15 (0.09)1
| 0.20 (0.10)1,2
|
75–84 | 0.25 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.10)1
| 0.24 (0.13)2
|
85+ | 0.28 (0.14) | 0.24 (0.12) | 0.27 (0.14) |
Total | |||
65–74 | 0.20 (0.11) | 0.14 (0.08)1
| 0.17 (0.10)1,2
|
75–84 | 0.24 (0.13) | 0.17 (0.14)1
| 0.21 (0.14)1,2
|
85+ | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.20 (0.18) | 0.24 (0.16) |
Crude OR (95 % CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing urban (1) | Beijing rural (2)a
| Hong Kong (3)a
| |
Female | 1.50 (1.30,1.73) | 2.60 (1.47,4.60) | 2.07 (1.74, 2.46)1
|
Age | |||
65–74 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
75–84 | 1.92 (1.67, 2.19) | 2.35 (1.40, 3.96) | 1.79 (1.50, 2.12) |
85+ | 2.44 (1.80,3.30) | 3.38 (1.17,9.77) | 2.46 (1.69, 3.57) |
Currently married | 0.57 (0.50,0.66) | 0.41 (0.25,0.67) | 0.60 (0.50, 0.71) |
Education ≤ Middle school | 1.27 (1.11,1.45) | 4.21 (1.53,11.60)1
| 1.98 (1.55, 2.53)1
|
Living alone | 1.53 (1.26,1.86) | 0.90 (0.34,2.41) | 1.53 (1.22, 1.93) |
Current smoking | 0.74 (0.59,0.92) | 0.22 (0.08,0.66)1
| 0.82 (0.58, 1.17)2
|
Current alcohol useb
| 0.73 (0.57,0.93) | 0.35 (0.15,0.85) | 0.31 (0.21, 0.45)1
|
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 1.83 (1.59,2.10) | 2.96 (1.74,5.04) | 1.73 (1.46, 2.05) |
No. of diseases ≥ 3 | 7.72 (6.69,8.90) | 21.81 (12.53,37.94)1
| 6.08 (5.09, 7.25)1,2
|
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 5.62 (4.89,6.46) | 10.62 (6.31,17.87)1
| 2.82 (2.16, 3.68)1,2
|
Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing urban (1) | Beijing rural (2)b
| Hong Kong (3)b
| |
Female | 1.48 (1.26,1.75) | 2.97 (1.44, 6.13) | 2.15 (1.76, 2.62)1
|
Age | |||
65–74 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
75–84 | 1.71 (1.47, 2.00) | 3.90 (1.97,7.73)1
| 1.59 (1.32, 1.93)2
|
85+ | 2.44 (1.70, 3.52) | 10.13 (2.91,35.25)1
| 2.48 (1.63, 3.77)2
|
Currently married | 0.70 (0.56, 0.80) | 0.38 (0.20,0.73) | / |
Education ≤ Middle school | / | / | 1.78 (1.36, 2.33) |
Current alcohol usec
| / | / | 0.54 (0.36, 0.81) |
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 1.75 (1.49,2.05) | / | 1.71 (1.41, 2.07) |
No. of diseases ≥ 3 | 5.20 (4.45, 6.06) | 16.31 (8.22, 32.37)1
| 6.48 (5.38, 7.81)2
|
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 3.44 (2.95,4.02) | 5.96 (3.06, 11.59) | / |
AUC | 0.819 | 0.908 1
| 0.783 1,2
|
Attributable fraction (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beijing urban (1) | Beijing rural (2)b
| Hong Kong (3)b
| |
Female | 32.43 % | 66.33 % | 53.42 %1
|
Age | |||
65–74 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
75–84 | 41.52 % | 74.36 %1
| 37.19 %2
|
85+ | 59.02 % | 90.13 %1
| 59.64 %2
|
Currently married | −42.86 % | −163.16 % | / |
Education ≤ Middle school | / | / | 43.88 % |
Current alcohol usec
| / | / | −86.22 % |
Daily exercise < 0.5 h | 42.86 % | / | 41.49 % |
No. of diseases ≥ 3 | 80.77 % | 93.87 %1
| 84.58 %2
|
Daily drugs ≥ 4 | 70.93 % | 83.22 % | / |